A minimal model of cerebral blood flow and respiratory control was developed to describe hypocapnic and hypercapnic responses. Important non-linear properties such as cerebral blood flow changes with arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2) and associated time dependent circulatory time delays were included. It was also necessary to vary cerebral metabolic rate as a function of PaCO2. The cerebral blood flow model was added to a previously developed respiratory control model to simulate central and peripheral controller dynamics for humans. Model validation was based on previously collected data. The variable time delay due to brain blood flow changes in hypercapnia was an important determinant of predicted instability due to non-linear interaction in addition to linear loop gain considerations. Peripheral chemoreceptor gains above a critical level, but within normal limits, was necessary to produce instability. Instability was observed in recovery from hypercapnia and hypocapnia. The 20 sec breath-hold test appears to be a simple test of brain blood flow mediated instability in hypercapnia. Brain blood flow was predicted to play an important role with non-linear properties. There is an important interaction predicted by the current model between central and peripheral control mechanisms related to instability in hypercapnia recovery. Post hyperventilation breathing pattern can also reveal instability tied to brain blood flow. Previous data collected in patients with chronic obstructive lung disease was closely fitted with the current model and instability predicted. Brain vascular volume was proposed as a potential cause of instability despite cerebral autoregulation promoting constant brain flow.
Noninvasive Imaging of Quantitative Cerebral Blood Flow Changes during 100% Oxygen Inhalation Using Arterial Spin-Labeling MR Imaging
