Drivers’ Avoidance Strategies When Using a Forward Collision Warning (FCW) System

2017 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 1939-1943 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xingwei Wu ◽  
Linda Ng Boyle ◽  
Dawn Marshall
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Driving Simulator ◽  
Collision Warning ◽  
Congested Traffic ◽  
Vehicle Collision ◽  
Avoidance Strategies ◽  
Forward Collision Warning ◽  
Log Linear ◽  
Collision Warning Systems

Forward collision warning (FCW) systems help prevent rear-end collisions by identifying and alerting drivers of threats ahead. Understanding drivers’ avoidance strategies i.e. the tendency to brake or steer is important for the design and effectiveness of these systems. A driving simulator study was performed across five US locations to examine three driver avoidance maneuvers: braking only, steering only and combined braking and steering. A log-linear analysis was used to investigate the likelihood of an avoidance maneuver given the driver characteristics (age, gender) and study location. Findings showed that drivers aged 40 years and older were more likely to use a combined braking and steering maneuver to avoid a rearend collision. Drivers from two coastal urban areas (Washington, D.C. and Seattle, WA) were less likely to choose braking only in response to FCW alerts. Younger drivers and drivers that live in more rural areas (Clemson, SC and Iowa City, IA) were more likely to select braking only to avoid a crash, which could be due to their experience in less congested traffic environment. The findings of this study provide some insights on the factors associated with various avoidance strategies among drivers. This understanding can help guide the design of future in-vehicle collision warning systems.

Examining Speech-Based Auditory Alerts for Intersection Collision Warning Systems using a Driving Simulator

2018 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 1939-1943
Author(s):  
West M. O’Brien ◽  
Xingwei Wu ◽  
Linda Ng Boyle
Keyword(s):  
Driving Simulator ◽  
Red Light ◽  
Warning System ◽  
Warning Systems ◽  
Safety Hazards ◽  
Collision Warning ◽  
Potential Safety ◽  
Auditory Alerts ◽  
Forward Collision Warning ◽  
Collision Warning Systems

Collision warning systems alert drivers of potential safety hazards. Forward collision warning (FCW) systems have been widely implemented and studied. However, intersection collision warning systems (ICWS), such as intersection movement assist (IMA), are more complex. Additional studies are needed to identify the best alert for directing the driver toward the hazard. A driving simulator study with 48 participants was conducted to examine three speech-based auditory alerts (general, directional, and command) in a simulated red light running (RLR) collision scenario. The command alert that informed the drivers to brake was the most effective in reducing the number of collisions. The post-drive questionnaire showed that drivers also rated the brake alert to be best in terms of interpretation (based on the Kruskal Wallis test). This study provides insight into the performance of different types of speech-based alerts for an intersection collision warning system and can provide guidance for future studies.

scholarly journals Breastfeeding practice in China from 2013 to 2018: a study from a national dynamic follow-up surveillance

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Leni Kang ◽  
Juan Liang ◽  
Chunhua He ◽  
Lei Miao ◽  
Xiaohong Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Health ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Child Nutrition ◽  
Central Area ◽  
Mother And Child ◽  
Physical And Psychological Health ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Log Linear ◽  
Breastfeeding Practice

Abstract Background Breastfeeding is important for the physical and psychological health of the mother and child. Basic data on breastfeeding practice in China are out-of-date and vary widely. This study aimed to evaluate the progress of breastfeeding practice in China, as well as to explore the bottlenecks in driving better practice. Methods This was an observational study. We used data from the Under-5 Child Nutrition and Health Surveillance System in China for the period 2013–2018. The prevalence of early initiation of breastfeeding (EIBF) and exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) were calculated for each year for subgroups of China. The Cochran-Armitage test was used to explore the time trends. The annual percent of change (APC) were calculated by log-linear regression followed by exp transformation. Results The prevalence of EIBF increased significantly from 44.57% (95% CI: 44.07, 45.07) in 2013 to 55.84% (95% CI: 55.29, 56.38) in 2018 (Ptrend < 0.001), with an APC of 4.67% (95% CI: 3.51, 5.85). And the prevalence of EBF increased rapidly from 16.14% (95% CI: 15.10, 17.18) to 34.90% (95% CI: 33.54, 36.26) (Ptrend < 0.001), with an APC of 14.90% (95% CI: 9.97, 20.04). Increases were observed in both urban and rural areas, with urban areas showing greater APCs for EIBF (6.05%; 95% CI: 4.22, 7.92 v.s. 2.26%; 95% CI: 1.40, 3.12) and EBF (18.21%; 95% CI: 11.53, 25.29 v.s. 9.43%; 95% CI: 5.52, 13.49). The highest EBF prevalence was observed in the East, but the Central area showed the highest APC. The prevalence of EBF decreased with increasing age within the first 6 months, especially after 3 months. Conclusion The prevalence of both EIBF and EBF in China are improving in recent years. The rural and West China could be the key areas in the future actions. More efforts should be made to protect and promote breastfeeding to achieve near- and long-term goals for child health.

scholarly journals Breastfeeding practice in China from 2013 to 2018: a study from a national dynamic follow-up surveillance

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leni Kang ◽  
Juan Liang ◽  
Chunhua He ◽  
Lei Miao ◽  
Xiaohong Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Health ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Child Nutrition ◽  
Central Area ◽  
Mother And Child ◽  
Health Related ◽  
Physical And Psychological Health ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Log Linear

Abstract Background Breastfeeding is important for the physical and psychological health of the mother and child. Basic data on breastfeeding practices in China are crucial for understanding how to advance health-related goals. Methods This was an observational study. We used data from the Under-5 Child Nutrition and Health Surveillance System in China for the period 2013-2018. The prevalence of early initiation of breastfeeding (EIBF) and exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) were calculated for each year for subgroups of China. The Cochran-Armitage test was used to explore the time trends. The annual percent of change (APC) were calculated by log-linear regression followed by exp transformation. Results The prevalence of EIBF and EBF increased significantly from 44.57% (95% CI: 44.07, 45.07) and 16.14% (95% CI: 15.10, 17.18) in 2013 to 55.84% (95% CI: 55.29, 56.38) and 34.90% (95% CI: 33.54, 36.26) in 2018 (P trend <0.001). The respective APCs were 4.67% (95% CI: 3.51, 5.85) and 14.90% (95% CI: 9.97, 20.04). Increases were observed in both urban and rural areas, with urban areas showing greater APCs for EIBF (6.05%; 95% CI: 4.22, 7.92 v.s. 2.26%; 95% CI: 1.40, 3.12) and EBF (18.21%; 95% CI: 11.53, 25.29 v.s. 9.43%; 95% CI: 5.52, 13.49). The highest EBF prevalence was observed in the East, but the Central area showed the highest APC. The prevalence of EBF decreased with increasing age during the first 6 months, especially after 3 months. Conclusion The prevalence of both EIBF and EBF in China are improving in recent years. The rural and West China could be the key areas in the future actions. More efforts should be made to protect and promote breastfeeding to achieve near- and long-term goals for child health.

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