The Genesis and Trajectory of Anti-Jesuitism, 1554–1761

2018 ◽  
pp. 58-106
Author(s):  
Dale K. Van Kley
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
New Spain ◽  
Dutch Republic ◽  
History Of ◽  
Catholic Reform

This chapter describes the successive stages in the long history of anti-Jesuitism from the 1550s to 1759—that is, before and until it became part of a European-wide movement for positive Catholic reform. A largely French story, its stages are Gallican and Jansenist, followed by the eighteenth-century synthesis of the two. The chapter also makes a case for the preponderance of the French role in the formation of Catholic anti-Jesuitism despite long forays to England, the Dutch Republic, China, and New Spain (or Mexico). Largely if not exclusively a French creation, by 1759 Catholic anti-Jesuitism had recovered and synthesized all of its successive phases and stages while assimilating to its corpus every other gravamen against the Society from every other corner of Europe and the European-influenced globe.

Intellectual Change before the Enlightenment: Scotland, the Netherlands and the Reception of Cartesian Thought, 1650–1700

2015 ◽  
Vol 94 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alasdair Raffe
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Intellectual History ◽  
Dutch Republic ◽  
Intellectual Life ◽  
Scottish Enlightenment ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
History Of ◽  
United Provinces

This article argues that intellectual historians' fascination with a narrative of the emerging Scottish enlightenment has led to a neglect of ideas that did not shape enlightenment culture. As a contribution to a less teleological intellectual history of Scotland, the article examines the reception of the philosophy of René Descartes (1596–1650). Cartesian thought enjoyed a brief period of popularity from the 1670s to the 1690s but appeared outdated by the mid-eighteenth century. Debates about Cartesianism illustrate the ways in which late seventeenth-century Scottish intellectual life was conditioned by the rivalry between presbyterians and episcopalians, and by fears that new philosophy would undermine christianity. Moreover, the reception of Cartesian thought exemplifies intellectual connections between Scotland and the Netherlands. Not only did Descartes' philosophy win its first supporters in the United Provinces, but the Dutch Republic also provided the arguments employed by the main Scottish critics of Cartesianism. In this period the Netherlands was both a source of philosophical innovation and of conservative reaction to intellectual change.

scholarly journals “Apostles and men of learning”: Miguel Venegas, Andrés Marcos Burriel, and the Jesuit Vocation for Natural History

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-55
Author(s):  
Bryan Green
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Natural History ◽  
New Spain ◽  
Spanish American ◽  
Spanish Colonial ◽  
Ascetic Ideal ◽  
History Of ◽  
American Mission ◽  
Natural Histories

The transformation of the Empressas apostólicas (1739), a manuscript history of the Jesuits’ missions in Lower California written by the novo-Hispanic Jesuit Miguel Venegas, into the Noticia de la California (1757), a thoroughly revised version of Venegas’s original prepared by the Spanish Jesuit Andrés Marcos Burriel, provides a case study in how the enactment of the Jesuit ascetic ideal exercised on the Spanish-American mission frontier was closely linked to Enlightenment natural history and ethnography. Through an analysis of both works, as well as Burriel’s correspondence with his Jesuit confrères in New Spain, this article aims to demonstrate the underlying tension in eighteenth-century Jesuit writing between traditional, providential narratives and the skeptical, scientific discourse of secular natural histories. Burriel’s work, which was widely translated and disseminated throughout Europe, aimed to bridge these two discourses by employing the Society’s apostolic-ascetic vocation and global missionary network in the service of natural histories that would appeal to a secular reading public and inform Spanish colonial administration.

The Deportation of Barbarian Indians from the Internal Provinces of New Spain, 1789-1810

1973 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 376-385 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christon I. Archer
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Mexico City ◽  
New Spain ◽  
War And Peace ◽  
History Of ◽  
Sedentary Life ◽  
Indian Tribes ◽  
Indian Warfare

Indian warfare was general in the Internal Provinces of New Spain in the latter half of the eighteenth century. Spain was militarily weak in these frontier provinces so far from Mexico City and, to make matters even more difficult, the barbarian Indian tribes refused to recognize rules of good conduct in war and peace. Where weakness seemed likely to lead to defeat, the Indians thought nothing of employing abject submission, approaching the Spanish authorities with humble requests for peace, conversion, and a place where they might be permitted to settle into a quiet productive existence. Often the Spanish, either exhausted by combat or hopeful of Indian sincerity in such declarations, convinced themselves that the enemy would settle into a sedentary life under the gentle guidance of the friars. Unfortunately for the success of frontier policy, a treaty was only as valid as the number of presidial troops prepared to enforce it. Without force, the Indians, epecially the Apaches, returned to traditional pursuits of rustling livestock and attacks on weakly defended ranches or travellers. A continual history of incidents of this nature brought Spanish governors and frontier soldiers to a state of complete frustration.

scholarly journals “No Intrigue Is Spared”: Anglo-American Intelligence Networks in the Eighteenth-Century Dutch Republic

Itinerario ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-25
Author(s):  
Matthijs Tieleman
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Geographic Location ◽  
Political Support ◽  
Dutch Republic ◽  
Power Politics ◽  
British Atlantic ◽  
Postal Services ◽  
History Of ◽  
Anglo American

Abstract This article surveys previously underexamined American and British intelligence networks that operated in the Netherlands during the eighteenth century and demonstrates the relevance of the eighteenth-century Dutch Republic to the larger history of the Netherlands, early modern Europe, and the revolutionary Atlantic. The Dutch Republic's favourable geographic location, its postal services, its sophisticated press, and its mercantile economy made it an ideal place to extract information and build intelligence networks, shaping power politics in the eighteenth-century British Atlantic. Additionally, this article illustrates how these Anglo-American intelligence networks affected the Dutch Republic and the revolutionary Atlantic. In the late 1770s, American revolutionaries successfully deployed their intelligence network to unleash a propaganda campaign that aimed to convince the Dutch public of their cause. By infiltrating the liberal and sophisticated Dutch printing press, the American revolutionaries not only succeeded in fostering political support among the Dutch public; they also created a transatlantic intellectual exchange with the Dutch opposition that laid the foundations of the Dutch Patriot movement of the 1780s and ultimately the dissolution of the Dutch Republic as a whole in 1795.

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