scholarly journals On grain, bones, and Khabur collapse

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
pp. 201-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafał Koliński
Keyword(s):  
Present State ◽  
Near East ◽  
Environmental Crisis ◽  
Proxy Data ◽  
Volcano Eruption ◽  
The Third ◽  
Third Millennium ◽  
Third Millennium Bc ◽  
Environmental Proxies ◽  
Accurate Reconstruction

A hypothesis on the total collapse of the settlement in Northern Syria at the end of the third millennium BC, put forward in 1993 by Harvey Weiss and his team, is one of the most disputed issues in the protohistoric archaeology of North Mesopotamia. Today it is obvious that the crisis has not been as general as Weiss believed. Also his original explanation of the cause of this event (volcano eruption in the Near East) is generally doubted. The author discusses the present state of knowledge of the archaeology of this period as well as proxy data used for environmental reconstructions, because an environmental crisis is considered to be the most likely cause of the decline in settlement. One of the aims of the paper is to propose new sources for environmental proxies, which may help in the formulation of a more accurate reconstruction of environmental trends in the Near East in general.

Early iron metallurgy in Anatolia

1999 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
pp. 177-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ünsal Yalçın
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Pure Iron ◽  
Near East ◽  
The Third ◽  
Third Millennium ◽  
Third Millennium Bc

The beginning of the Iron Age is generally dated to the last quarter of the second millennium BC in Anatolia and the Near East. The development of iron metallurgy allowed many tools and weapons to be produced in this period. The earliest iron finds, which are not more than a dozen, occur in the third millennium BC in Anatolia (Waldbaum 1980 discusses these early finds). Considering that pure iron occurs rarely in nature, the most important question is: what were these objects made of? Preliminary analyses of a few Bronze Age finds show that some of them contain nickel. Because of this it is generally accepted and frequently cited that these finds were made of meteoric iron.

Raw Material and Technological Changes in Ceramic Productions at Sai Island, Northern Sudan, from the Seventh to the Third Millennium BC

Archaeometry ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 597-616 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. D'Ercole ◽  
G. Eramo ◽  
E. A. A. Garcea ◽  
I. M. Muntoni ◽  
J. R. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Raw Material ◽  
Technological Changes ◽  
The Third ◽  
Third Millennium ◽  
Third Millennium Bc

The Rise of Libraries in Western Asia, c.2600–2300 BCE

2019 ◽  
pp. 67-114
Author(s):  
Kamran Vincent Zand
Keyword(s):  
Near East ◽  
Literary Texts ◽  
Writing System ◽  
Ruling Elite ◽  
The Third ◽  
Western Asia ◽  
Third Millennium ◽  
Third Millennium Bce

The chapter compares the find-spots of lexical and literary texts from three different places: Shuruppag and Tell Abu Salabikh in Mesopotamia and Ebla situated in modern-day Syria. In Shuruppag and Ebla lexical and literary texts have been found in official buildings of the ruling elite, also combination with a massive amount of administrative texts. It can be seen that lexical and literary texts were produced, kept, and transmitted by scribes in the context of the administration of the different cities. They played therefore not only an important role in transmission and mastery of the cuneiform writing system, the main administrative tool. Their importance for the elites resulted in the development of a network of knowledge that spread Mesopotamian myths and lore over the Near East in the third millennium BCE.

Early Cycladic fortified settlements: aspects of cultural continuity and change in the Cyclades during the third millennium BC

2017 ◽  
Vol 63 ◽  
pp. 131-150
Author(s):  
Anastasia Angelopoulou
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Cultural Continuity ◽  
Scientific Interest ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
Continuity And Change ◽  
The Third ◽  
Analytical Studies ◽  
Third Millennium ◽  
Third Millennium Bc ◽  
New Evidence

Early Cycladic culture (third millennium BC) has been a focus of scientific interest since the late 19th century. Our knowledge of Early Cycladic civilization is based primarily on evidence gathered from a substantial number of cemeteries that have been discovered in various parts of the Cyclades. In comparison, excavations of Early Cycladic settlements are few in number. Thus, habitation comprises an essential yet understudied field of research.Despite these limitations, fieldwork as well as material and analytical studies conducted over the period 2000–2017 have contributed to a far better understanding of Early Cycladic habitation patterns. Excavations and/or publications of important sites, such as Chalandriani and Kastri on Syros, Skarkos on Ios, Dhaskalio and Kavos on Keros, Markiani on Amorgos and Korfari ton Amygdalion (Panormos) on Naxos, have revealed significant new evidence regarding the development and character of Early Cycladic civilization.

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