scholarly journals Ambiguity and Awareness: A Coherent Multiple Priors Model

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Grant ◽  
Ani Guerdjikova ◽  
John Quiggin
Keyword(s):  
State Space ◽  
Bayesian Updating ◽  
Ordinary Language ◽  
Multiple Priors ◽  
Subjective State ◽  
Subjective State Space ◽  
Representation Result ◽  
Available Information ◽  
Bayesian Prior

AbstractAmbiguity in the ordinary language sense means that available information is open to multiple interpretations. We model this by assuming that individuals are unaware of some possibilities relevant to the outcome of their decisions and that multiple probabilities may arise over an individual’s subjective state space depending on which of these possibilities are realized. We formalize a notion of coherent multiple priors and derive a representation result that with full awareness corresponds to the usual unique (Bayesian) prior but with less than full awareness generates multiple priors. When information is received with no change in awareness, each element of the set of priors is updated in the standard Bayesian fashion (that is, full Bayesian updating). An increase in awareness, however, leads to an expansion of the individual’s subjective state and (in general) a contraction in the set of priors under consideration.

scholarly journals Lexicographic expected utility with a subjective state space

2010 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 175-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Youichiro Higashi ◽  
Kazuya Hyogo
Keyword(s):  
State Space ◽  
Expected Utility ◽  
Subjective State ◽  
Subjective State Space

Representing Preferences with a Unique Subjective State Space

Econometrica ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 69 (4) ◽  
pp. 891-934 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eddie Dekel ◽  
Barton L. Lipman ◽  
Aldo Rustichini
Keyword(s):  
State Space ◽  
Subjective State ◽  
Subjective State Space

Representing Preferences with a Unique Subjective State Space: A Corrigendum

Econometrica ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 75 (2) ◽  
pp. 591-600 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eddie Dekel ◽  
Barton L Lipman ◽  
Aldo Rustichini ◽  
Todd Sarver
Keyword(s):  
State Space ◽  
Subjective State ◽  
Subjective State Space

scholarly journals Two models of unawareness: comparing the object-based and the subjective-state-space approaches

Synthese ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 179 (S1) ◽  
pp. 13-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oliver J. Board ◽  
Kim-Sau Chung ◽  
Burkhard C. Schipper
Keyword(s):  
State Space ◽  
Subjective State ◽  
Object Based ◽  
Subjective State Space

scholarly journals IS IT ALWAYS RATIONAL TO SATISFY SAVAGE'S AXIOMS?

2009 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 285-296 ◽  
Author(s):  
Itzhak Gilboa ◽  
Andrew Postlewaite ◽  
David Schmeidler
Keyword(s):  
State Space ◽  
Moral Dilemmas ◽  
Sufficient Information ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Internal Coherence ◽  
Bayesian Prior ◽  
Do So

This note argues that, under some circumstances, it is more rational not to behave in accordance with a Bayesian prior than to do so. The starting point is that in the absence of information, choosing a prior is arbitrary. If the prior is to have meaningful implications, it is more rational to admit that one does not have sufficient information to generate a prior than to pretend that one does. This suggests a view of rationality that requires a compromise between internal coherence and justification, similarly to compromises that appear in moral dilemmas. Finally, it is argued that Savage's axioms are more compelling when applied to a naturally given state space than to an analytically constructed one; in the latter case, it may be more rational to violate the axioms than to be Bayesian.

Ultrastructural Alterations in Hela Cells Induced by Spider Venom

1967 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 20-21
Author(s):  
Dale E. McClendon ◽  
Paul N. Morgan ◽  
Bernard L. Soloff
Keyword(s):  
Growth Medium ◽  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Carcinoma Cells ◽  
Venom Protein ◽  
Sterile Saline ◽  
Carbon Coated ◽  
Available Information ◽  
Loxosceles Reclusa ◽  
Essential Growth ◽  
Solution Cultures

It has been observed that minute amounts of venom from the brown recluse spider, Loxosceles reclusa, are capable of producing cytotoxic changes in cultures of certain mammalian cells (Morgan and Felton, 1965). Since there is little available information concerning the effect of venoms on susceptible cells, we have attempted to characterize, at the electron microscope level, the cytotoxic changes produced by the venom of this spider.Cultures of human epithelial carcinoma cells, strain HeLa, were initiated on sterile, carbon coated coverslips contained in Leighton tubes. Each culture was seeded with approximately 1x105 cells contained in 1.5 ml of a modified Eagle's minimum essential growth medium prepared in Hank's balanced salt solution. Cultures were incubated at 36° C. for three days prior to the addition of venom. The venom was collected from female brown recluse spiders and diluted in sterile saline. Protein determinations on the venom-were made according to the spectrophotometric method of Waddell (1956). Approximately 10 μg venom protein per ml of fresh medium was added to each culture after discarding the old growth medium. Control cultures were treated similarly, except that no venom was added. All cultures were reincubated at 36° C.

Eds Of Radioactive Particles By Self-Induced Fluorescence

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 238-239
Author(s):  
Gregory L. Finch ◽  
Richard G. Cuddihy
Keyword(s):  
Electron Beam Irradiation ◽  
Nuclear Reactor ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Reactor Accident ◽  
Internal Radiation ◽  
X Ray ◽  
External Sources ◽  
X Irradiation ◽  
Available Information ◽  
Individual Particles

The elemental composition of individual particles is commonly measured by using energydispersive spectroscopic microanalysis (EDS) of samples excited with electron beam irradiation. Similarly, several investigators have characterized particles by using external monochromatic X-irradiation rather than electrons. However, there is little available information describing measurements of particulate characteristic X rays produced not from external sources of radiation, but rather from internal radiation contained within the particle itself. Here, we describe the low-energy (< 20 KeV) characteristic X-ray spectra produced by internal radiation self-excitation of two general types of particulate samples; individual radioactive particles produced during the Chernobyl nuclear reactor accident and radioactive fused aluminosilicate particles (FAP). In addition, we compare these spectra with those generated by conventional EDS.Approximately thirty radioactive particle samples from the Chernobyl accident were on a sample of wood that was near the reactor when the accident occurred. Individual particles still on the wood were microdissected from the bulk matrix after bulk autoradiography.

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