AbstractIntroduction:Suicidal patients who refuse prehospital transport pose a difficult problem for emergency medical services. A survey was conducted in an attempt to assess the current strategies for involuntary transport of such patients.Methods:The medical directors of 135 of the largest EMS systems in the United States were mailed a questionnaire requesting descriptions of the operating procedures for dealing with suicidal patients who refuse transport.Results:Fifty-nine of 130 questionnaires (45%) were returned. Seventeen emergency medical services (EMS) systems (29%) serve populations of less the 250,000, while 41 (69%) serve populations greater than 250,000. Cumulatively, respondents represent an excess of 2.1-million EMS responses per year, of which 0.5%-10.0% involve behavioral emergencies. Eleven of the 59 responding systems (19%) have urritten, explicit policies guiding the management of suicidal patients who refuse to be transported. Involuntary commitment proceedings are initiated in the prehospital setting in 25 of the 59 services (42%). Of these 25, the initiation of commitment proceedings is performed by the following (more than one may apply to a given system): 11 (44%) by base-station physicians, six (24%) by the emergency medical technician (EMT), 23 (92%) by a police officer, and five (20%) by family or friends. Ten of the 59 systems (17%) require a mental health delegate to authorize commitment. Two physicians can mandate involuntary commitment in one of the responding systems. Of the 25 systems that actually perform involuntary commitment in the prehospital setting, seven (28%) have established policies. Of the 34 systems which do not perform involuntary prehospital commitment, four (12%) have policies to guide the care of suicidal patients who refuse care.Conclusion:Suicidal patients commonly confront emergency medical services, yet many systems lack explicit policies for dealing with such patients. Widely varied strategies are used to authorize transport of patients who are suicidal and refuse to be transported.
Presentations of adult septic patients in the prehospital setting as recorded by emergency medical services: a mixed methods analysis
