scholarly journals Екологічно безпечні препарати у захисті від чорної плямистості листя троянд Diplocarpon rosae F.A. Wolf (анаморфа – Marssonina rosae (Lib.) Died.)

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 247-252
Author(s):  
A. B. Marchenko

<p>As a result of the study of the efficacy of using biopharmaceuticals against black maculation of leaves Roses found that effectiveness of investigated of biological products during the growing season of the genus Rosa L. is 56.4±16.3% in the range from 21.1 to 72.3%. Thus, the highest values of protective action against black maculation of leaves roses had: Tryhopsyn (<em>Pseudomonas </em>and <em>Trichoderma</em> 6×10<sup>9</sup> CFU/cm<sup>3</sup>) – 72.8%, Tryhodermin BT (a.s. <em>Trichoderma</em> <em>viride</em>, titer of 2×10<sup>9</sup> CFU/cm<sup>3</sup>)+Planryz BT (a.s. <em>Ps. fluorescens</em> 5×10<sup>9</sup> CFU/cm<sup>3</sup>) (1:1) and Tryhodermin BT (a.s. <em>Trichoderma viride</em>, titer of 2×10<sup>9</sup> CFU/cm<sup>3</sup>) + Haupsyn BT (a.s. <em>Ps. aureofaciens</em> 5×10<sup>9</sup> CFU/cm<sup>3</sup>) (1:1) to 72.3%, Planryz BT (a.s<em>. Ps. fluorescens</em> 5×10<sup>9</sup> CFU/cm<sup>3</sup>) – 65.3%. Biologicals is restrain the development of pathology caused by causative agent <em>Diplocarpon rosae</em> F.A. Wolf on a variety of different groups of the genus <em>Rosa</em> L., namely the indicator of damage index in the samples of the group of Hybrid tea roses <em>Kardinal 85</em> Kordes, Germany (1985) was 18.2%, climbing <em>New Dawn</em> Somerset Rose Nursery, USA (1930) by 2.2%, floribunda <em>Leonardo da Vinci</em> Meilland (1993) by 6.2%, English Abraham Darby Austin, United Kingdom (1985) by 6.7% less than without processing.</p>

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
F.S. Dzhalilov

Изложены факторы, способствующие развитию биологического метода защиты растений от болезней: неэффективность химических средств против ряда вредоносных заболеваний, опасность химических препаратов для здоровья человека и окружающей природной среды, удобство и экономическая выгода использования ряда биопрепаратов, соответствие современным требованиям для технологий защищенного грунта, которые предусматривают использование биологических объектов (например, насекомых-опылителей). Представлены теоретические основы биологической защиты растений от болезней – типы экологических отношений между организмами: сосуществование (отсутствие отрицательной зависимости между численностью взаимодействующих популяций), антагонизм (конкуренция за источники питания, антибиоз, паразитизм, гиперпаразитизм). Дана характеристика основным группам микроорганизмов, на основе которых созданы биопрепараты: грибы Trichoderma viride, T. harzianum, T. koningii; Gliocladium virens), бактериии (виды родов Pseudomonas и Bacillus), вирусам и механизмам их защитного действия (для Trichoderma – направленный рост гиф антагониста в направлении к метаболитам гриба-хозяина, оплетение гифов гриба-хозяина и перфорация клеточной стенки хозяина, последующая полная колонизация хозяина, проникновение в мицелий хозяина, активный рост внутри клеток, гибель мицелия гриба-хозяина; для Pseudomonas – образование стабильных комплексов с трехвалентным железом, связывание ионов трехвалентного железа в почве, как следствие – лишение многих видов фитопатогенных грибов необходимого элемента питания, что приводит к остановке их развития). Указано на значение контроля показателей качества препаратов для успешной защиты растений от болезней (титр, чистота и биологическая активность).The factors contributing to the development of the biological method of plant protection from diseases are described: the inefficiency of chemicals against a number of harmful diseases, the danger of chemicals for human health and the environment, the convenience and economic benefits of the use of a number of biological products, compliance with modern requirements for protected soil technologies, which provide for the use of biological objects (for example, pollinators). Theoretical bases of biological protection of plants from diseases-types of ecological relations between organisms are presented: coexistence (absence of negative dependence between the number of interacting populations), antagonism (competition for food sources, antibiosis, parasitism, hyperparasitism). The characteristics of the main groups of microorganisms on the basis of which biological products are given: fungi Trichoderma viride, T.harzianum, T. koningii; Gliocladium virens), bacteriae (species of the genera Bacillus and Pseudomonas), viruses and the mechanisms of their protective action (for Trichoderma – directed growth of the hyphae of the antagonist towards the metabolites of the fungus-host entanglement of the hyphae of the fungus-host and perforation of the cell wall of the host, to the complete colonization of the host, penetration into the host mycelium, the active growth inside the cells, the death of the mycelium of the fungus-host; for Pseudomonas – the formation of stable complexes with trivalent iron, binding of ferric ions in the soil, as a consequence – the deprivation of many species of phytopathogenic fungi necessary element of nutrition, which leads to a halt in their development). The importance of monitoring the quality of preparations for the successful protection of plants from diseases are noted: titer, purity and biological activity.


Author(s):  
J. A. Nowell ◽  
J. Pangborn ◽  
W. S. Tyler

Leonardo da Vinci in the 16th century, used injection replica techniques to study internal surfaces of the cerebral ventricles. Developments in replicating media have made it possible for modern morphologists to examine injection replicas of lung and kidney with the scanning electron microscope (SEM). Deeply concave surfaces and interrelationships to tubular structures are difficult to examine with the SEM. Injection replicas convert concavities to convexities and tubes to rods, overcoming these difficulties.Batson's plastic was injected into the renal artery of a horse kidney. Latex was injected into the pulmonary artery and cementex in the trachea of a cat. Following polymerization the tissues were removed by digestion in concentrated HCl. Slices of dog kidney were aldehyde fixed by immersion. Rat lung was aldehyde fixed by perfusion via the trachea at 30 cm H2O. Pieces of tissue 10 x 10 x 2 mm were critical point dried using CO2. Selected areas of replicas and tissues were coated with silver and gold and examined with the SEM.


1910 ◽  
Vol 69 (1782supp) ◽  
pp. 138-140
Author(s):  
Edward P. Buffet
Keyword(s):  
Da Vinci ◽  

2019 ◽  
Vol 137 (11) ◽  
pp. 1332
Author(s):  
Christopher W. Tyler
Keyword(s):  
Da Vinci ◽  

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