Genus- and species-level differences characterize the pattern of life-history variation in two distinct phylogenetic lineages of chrysopids, Chrysopa and Chrysoperla. Species in the genus Chrysopa exhibit significant variation in egg size, and this variation is positively correlated with the ability of hatchlings to withstand periods of food and water deprivation prior to their initial feeding. The variation is also significantly correlated with larval size, as measured by the tibial length of first-instar larvae. Although the six Chrysopa species differ in several other life-history traits (i.e, the incubation period and rate of first-instar larval development), the variation is unrelated to egg size. It appears that maternal allocation of resources to eggs largely serves to enhance embryonic growth and the survival of hatchlings during searching. That is, within the Chrysopa lineage egg size varies; larger eggs yield larger, more robust hatchlings. These hatchlings may or may not develop faster than congeners from small eggs. In comparison with Chrysopa, the genus Chrysoperla has less variability in egg size and developmental rate. Furthermore, although Chrysoperla eggs are relatively small, the ability of hatchlings to endure periods of food or water deprivation is at least as great as it is in the Chrysopa species with large eggs. We conclude that maternal investment in larval fitness has different ontogenetic pathways, ecological roles, and phylogenetic histories in the two genera.
An ontogenetic perspective on individual differences
