scholarly journals POSITIVE BEHAVIORAL CONTRAST IN 3-MONTH-OLD INFANTS ON MULTIPLE CONJUGATE REINFORCEMENT SCHEDULES

1979 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolyn Kent Rovee-Collier ◽  
Joanne Bitetti Capatides
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Contrast ◽  
Reinforcement Schedules ◽  
Conjugate Reinforcement ◽  
Positive Behavioral Contrast

Behavioral Contrast during the Acquisition of Speechreading

1979 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 171-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Merle Johnson ◽  
James H. Kaye
Keyword(s):  
Contrast Effect ◽  
Behavioral Contrast ◽  
Hearing Impaired ◽  
Multiple Baseline ◽  
Token Reinforcement ◽  
Impaired Children ◽  
Positive Behavioral Contrast ◽  
Hearing Impaired Children

Two hearing-impaired children were taught to speechread the names of 18 objects divided into three sets. A multiple baseline across sets of objects was obtained for each subject. Tokens presented contingent upon correct responses to certain sets of names increased the frequencies of those correct responses. Both subjects exhibited positive behavioral contrast during the acquisition of speechreading; correct responses to one set increased above the previously established level when the contingencies for a second set changed from token reinforcement to extinction. The obtained contrast effect was conducive to learning and the procedure was effective in teaching the children to speechread the training words.

Behavioral Contrast in Pigeons with Qualitatively Different Reinforcers

1979 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 535-538 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald L. Pingrey ◽  
Denis L. Delehanty ◽  
D. Alan Stubbs
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Schedule ◽  
Contrast Effect ◽  
Reinforcement Schedule ◽  
Behavioral Contrast ◽  
Positive Contrast ◽  
Response Rates ◽  
Positive Contrast Effect ◽  
Positive Behavioral Contrast ◽  
Extinction Component

Three white Carneaux pigeons were trained to respond on a mult VI 1-min. (milo reinforcement), VI 1-min. (pea reinforcement) schedule when each component was associated with a different key, feeder, and reinforcer. The experiment was divided into four phases. In Phases 1 and 3, baseline rates of responding were established. In experimental Phases 2 and 4, one component of the multiple schedule was changed to extinction. During the experimental phases, response rates decreased in the extinction component and increased in the unchanged component (positive behavioral contrast). The increase in responding in the unchanged component was greater when the more valued reinforcer was extinguished. These findings are very similar to those reported by Beninger and Kendall (1975) and extend the positive contrast effect to another species, pigeons.

scholarly journals POSITIVE BEHAVIORAL CONTRAST ACROSS FOOD AND ALCOHOL REINFORCERS

1988 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 469-481 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frances K. McSweeney ◽  
Cam L. Melville ◽  
Jennifer Higa
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Contrast ◽  
Positive Behavioral Contrast

Differential Multiple-Schedule Interactions in Rats

1976 ◽  
Vol 43 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1167-1175
Author(s):  
James F. Mc Coy ◽  
Merrill E. Pratt ◽  
Alan R. Benson
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Schedule ◽  
Behavioral Contrast ◽  
Variable Interval ◽  
Baseline Training ◽  
Discriminative Stimuli ◽  
Free Operant ◽  
Regular Extinction ◽  
Multiple Variable ◽  
Positive Behavioral Contrast ◽  
Negative Induction

Three experiments examined multiple-schedule interactions in a free-operant paradigm for rats. In Exps. 1 and 2 three rats each and in Exp. 3 five rats were given extended multiple variable-interval baseline training before being shifted to multiple variable-interval extinction. Visual discriminative stimuli and regular extinction, which allowed nonreinforced responding, were used in Exps. 1 and 2, but auditory discriminative stimuli and retraction of the lever to prevent responding during extinction were used in Exp. 3. Positive behavioral contrast was observed in only one out of six rats in Exps. 1 and 2, while negative induction was observed in the other five subjects. However, contrast was observed at some point in training for all five subjects in Exp. 3. The differential multiple-schedule interactions were attributed to the introduction of an additional stimulus-reinforcer dependency with regard to the presence vs absence of the lever in Exp. 3. Results support an autoshaping or additivity account of behavioral contrast.

Behavioral Contrast in Albino Rats

1975 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 287-291 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. M. Bradshaw
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Contrast ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Response Rate ◽  
Variable Interval ◽  
The Other ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Schedules Of Reinforcement ◽  
Multiple Variable ◽  
Positive Behavioral Contrast

3 albino Wistar rats were trained in multiple variable-interval schedules of reinforcement. When reinforcement was withheld during one of the component schedules, the reduction in response rate during that component was accompanied by an increase in responding during the other (unchanged) component. This positive behavioral contrast was statistically significant for all three rats. The results are discussed in relation to interpretations of behavioral contrast based on autoshaping phenomena.

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