scholarly journals AGRESI ISRAEL TERHADAP PALESTINA PERSPEKTIF HUKUM HUMANITER INTERNASIONAL

2009 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aryuni Yuliantiningsih
Keyword(s):  
International Society ◽  
International Criminal Court ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
International Criminal ◽  
War Crimes ◽  
Criminal Court ◽  
Humanitarian Law ◽  
Penal Sanction

Israel’s agrresion to Palestina has international reactions because of enormous victims caused by that action, whom mostly were civilians. According humanitarian law, Israel’s agression to Palestina had breached humanitarian law principles, there are : humanity principle, limitation principle and distinction principle. Israel has done war crimes so  international society asked how Israel can be justiced ? There are three mechanism to enforce humanitarian law. First, the contracting parties of Jeneva Convention State to enact any legislation neccessary to provide effective penal sanction for person committing or ordering to be comitted any of the grave breaches , second by ad hoc tribunal and third by International Criminal Court, but   it is rather difficult to prosecute Israel because Israel don’t ratificate Roma Statuta 1998. Kata kunci : Agresi Israel, Palestina

The International Criminal Court and Non-International Armed Conflicts

2000 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 395-425 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heike Spieker
Keyword(s):  
International Criminal Court ◽  
International Criminal ◽  
Criminal Responsibility ◽  
War Crimes ◽  
Criminal Court ◽  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
Crimes Against Humanity ◽  
International Humanitarian Law ◽  
Humanitarian Law ◽  
International Conflicts

Non-international armed conflicts are more numerous, more brutal and entail more blood-shed today than international ones. The Statute of the International Criminal Court explicitly upholds the traditional distinction between international and non-international conflicts, and armed conflicts will have to be characterized accordingly. But the tendency to adapt the international humanitarian law (IHL) regime for non-international conflicts to the rules for international ones emerges. Article 7 on Crimes Against Humanity and Article 8(2)(c) and (e) on War Crimes amount to real progress in this respect. Yet, the regulation on war crimes in particular does not provide for comprehensive criminal responsibility of individual perpetrators in non-international conflicts.

War Crimes in International Versus Non-International Armed Conflicts: "New Wine in Old Wineskins"?

2008 ◽  
Vol 8 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 319-329 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gauthier de Beco
Keyword(s):  
International Criminal Court ◽  
Rome Statute ◽  
International Criminal ◽  
International Criminal Tribunal ◽  
War Crimes ◽  
Trial Chamber ◽  
Criminal Court ◽  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
International Humanitarian Law ◽  
Humanitarian Law

AbstractThis note discusses the distinction between international and non-international armed conflicts in the prosecution of war crimes before the International Criminal Court. It analyses the international humanitarian law applicable to both kinds of conflict, and the way in which the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia succeeded in prosecuting war crimes committed in non-international armed conflicts. It also studies the two war crimes regimes provided for in the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. The note then examines how Pre-Trial Chamber I dealt with this issue in its Decision on the confirmation of charges against Thomas Lubanga Dyilo and the problems it faced in doing so. It concludes with a plea for the abolition of the distinction between international and non-international armed conflicts with respect to war crimes in the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court.

scholarly journals ON THE QUESTION OF THE RELATIONSHIP OF WAR AND MILITARY CRIMES IN INTERNATIONAL AND NATIONAL LAW

2021 ◽  
pp. 220-228
Author(s):  
T. S. Sadova
Keyword(s):  
International Criminal Court ◽  
Military Service ◽  
Rome Statute ◽  
International Criminal ◽  
War Crimes ◽  
Criminal Code ◽  
Criminal Court ◽  
Humanitarian Law ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

The article is devoted to the study of military (crimes against the established order of military service) and war crimes. Particular attention is paid to the concept and features of these phenomena. The sources of both international and national law were also considered for the comparative characteristics of military and war crimes in order to understand their meaning and avoid the shift of these concepts. We have explored various aspects of the concept of war crimes. They are violations of the laws and customs of war. War crimes are serious violations of international law. They are violations of the Geneva Conventions of August 12, 1949. There is a list of war crimes in the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. This list is contained in Аrt. 8. The list of war crimes is contained in Art. 18 of the Draft Code of Crimes against the Peace and Security of Humanity too. International jurisprudence shows that there is a special subject of war crimes. The author of the article studied the draft Law of Ukraine “On Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of Ukraine on the Application of International Criminal and Humanitarian Law”. This bill proposes to exclude certain articles on military crimes and to introduce new articles on war crimes into the Criminal Code of Ukraine. The new war crimes articles contain a list of war crimes. This list is substantially similar to the list of war crimes contained in the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. The concept of war and military crimes is given. The main differences between military and military crimes are revealed. Identical signs of war and military crimes have been studied. As a result, the author of the article has made a conclusion about the relationship between war and military crimes under international and national law.

scholarly journals Dolus Eventualis and the Rome Statute Without It?

2009 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 433-467 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed Elewa Badar
Keyword(s):  
International Criminal Court ◽  
Rome Statute ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
International Criminal ◽  
Criminal Responsibility ◽  
Criminal Court ◽  
General Definition ◽  
International Humanitarian Law ◽  
Humanitarian Law ◽  
Dolus Eventualis

Article 30 of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court provides a general definition for the mental element required to trigger the criminal responsibility of individuals for serious violations of international humanitarian law. At first sight, it appears that the explicit words of Article 30 are sufficient to put an end to a long-lasting debate regarding the mens rea enigma that has confronted the jurisprudence of the two ad hoc Tribunals for the last decade, but this is not true. Recent decisions rendered by the International Criminal Court evidence the discrepancy among the ICC Pre-Trial Chambers in interpreting the exact meaning of Article 30 of the ICC Statute. The paper challenges that dolus eventualis is one of the genuine and independent pillars of criminal responsibility that forms, on its own, the basis of intentional crimes, and suggests its inclusion in the legal standard of Article 30 of the ICC Statute.

The establishment of a permanent international criminal court: ICRC expectations of the Rome Diplomatic Conference

1998 ◽  
Vol 38 (322) ◽  
pp. 21-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Toni Pfanner
Keyword(s):  
International Criminal Court ◽  
International Criminal ◽  
Geneva Convention ◽  
Criminal Court ◽  
International Humanitarian Law ◽  
Humanitarian Law ◽  
Penal Sanction

Violations of international humanitarian law are not a new phenomenon. Nor is the establishment of an international criminal court to counter such violations a new idea. The first project creating a link between violations of a humanitarian treaty — that is, the Geneva Convention of 1864 for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded in Armies in the Field — and penal sanction by a permanent international judicial body was drawn up by Gustave Moynier, one of the founders of the ICRC Like so many other projects, it did not materialize, however.

scholarly journals Specialiojo Irako tribunolo funkcionavimas (materialiniai ir procesiniai aspektai)

Teisė ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 110-126
Author(s):  
Dominika Katarzyna Dróżdż
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
International Criminal Court ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
International Criminal ◽  
War Crimes ◽  
Criminal Court ◽  
Governing Council

Straipsnyje analizuojamos Irako specialiojo tribu­nolo, įkurto 2003 m. gruodžio 10 d., statuto nuos­tatos, materialiniai ir procesiniai Tribunolo veiklos aspektai. Nurodoma, kad Statutu įdiegtas stebėtojų ir patarėjų tarptautinės teisės klausimais institutas – keliamas jų veiklos teisinio apibrėžtumo klausimas; apibūdinama Tribunolo jurisdikcija: nuo 1968 m. lie­pos 17 d. iki 2003 m. gegužės 1 d. padarytiems nusi­kaltimams, numatytiems Statuto 11–14 straipsniuo­se, už kuriuos gali būti traukiami tik Irako piliečiai ir nuolatiniai Irako gyventojai, nusikaltimus padarę Irake ir už jo ribų teisti. Nurodoma, kad nėra regla­mentuota asmenų, Tribunolo trauktinų baudžiamo­jon atsakomybėn, amžiaus riba; juridiniai asmenys (pvz., Baath partija) nėra teisiami. Taip pat, lyginant su Tarptautinio karinio tribunolo nuostatomis, Irako specialusis tribunolas negali paskelbti nė vienos gru­pės ar organizacijos kriminaline.Straipsnyje taip pat analizuojami nusikaltimai, už kuriuos gali teisti Irako specialusis tribunolas, lyginamas kitų ad hoc tribunolų veiklos teisinis re­glamentavimas. Autorė, be to, palyginusi Irako speci­aliojo tribunolo statuto ir Romos statuto bei 1949 m. Ženevos konvencijos papildomo protokolo nuostatas, daro išvadą, kad baudimas už kai kuriuos Irako spe­cialiojo tribunolo statute numatytus nusikaltimus būtų nesuderinamas su nullum crimen sine lege, nes tai nėra universaliai tarptautiniu lygiu pripažįstami nusikaltimai; terorizmo nusikaltimo Statute taip pat nenumatyta – tai būtų Irako nacionalinių teismų ju­risdikcijos klausimas.Taip pat teigiama, kad Statuto 11c) punktas turėtų būti traktuojamas kaip novela, nes numato agresiją kaip nusikalstamą veiką.Straipsnyje analizuojamos kaltinamųjų, liudytojų, nukentėjusiųjų teisės procese; pabrėžiama, kad Irako specialiojo tribunolo statute nenumatyta žalos atlygi­nimo instituto, kompensacijos už neteisėtą areštą ar sulaikymą; skiriama dėmesio reguliuojant procesą in absentia, Tribunolo sprendimo peržiūrai.The Iraqi Special Tribunal was established directly by the Iraqi Governing Council on December 10, 2003. The Tribunal has been mandated to try the accused for crimes under international law (genocide, crime against humanity and war crimes) and some violations of Stipulated Iraqi Laws.This article contains an analysis of the provisions of the Statute of the Iraqi Special Tribunal with regard to its material and procedural aspects. The Statute of this Tribunal was created taking for the pattern the Statute of International Criminal Court. However, the opinions of the Iraqis were also taken into account; the Iraqis wanted to have the solely power to exercise jurisdiction of this Tribunal.

scholarly journals Specialiojo Irako tribunolo funkcionavimas (materialiniai ir procesiniai aspektai)

Teisė ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 66 (66) ◽  
Author(s):  
D Ominika Katarzyna Dróżdż
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
International Criminal Court ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
International Criminal ◽  
War Crimes ◽  
Criminal Court ◽  
Governing Council

Straipsnyje analizuojamos Irako specialiojo tribu­nolo, įkurto 2003 m. gruodžio 10 d., statuto nuos­tatos, materialiniai ir procesiniai Tribunolo veiklos aspektai. Nurodoma, kad Statutu įdiegtas stebėtojų ir patarėjų tarptautinės teisės klausimais institutas – keliamas jų veiklos teisinio apibrėžtumo klausimas; apibūdinama Tribunolo jurisdikcija: nuo 1968 m. lie­pos 17 d. iki 2003 m. gegužės 1 d. padarytiems nusi­kaltimams, numatytiems Statuto 11–14 straipsniuo­se, už kuriuos gali būti traukiami tik Irako piliečiai ir nuolatiniai Irako gyventojai, nusikaltimus padarę Irake ir už jo ribų teisti. Nurodoma, kad nėra regla­mentuota asmenų, Tribunolo trauktinų baudžiamo­jon atsakomybėn, amžiaus riba; juridiniai asmenys (pvz., Baath partija) nėra teisiami. Taip pat, lyginant su Tarptautinio karinio tribunolo nuostatomis, Irako specialusis tribunolas negali paskelbti nė vienos gru­pės ar organizacijos kriminaline.Straipsnyje taip pat analizuojami nusikaltimai, už kuriuos gali teisti Irako specialusis tribunolas, lyginamas kitų ad hoc tribunolų veiklos teisinis re­glamentavimas. Autorė, be to, palyginusi Irako speci­aliojo tribunolo statuto ir Romos statuto bei 1949 m. Ženevos konvencijos papildomo protokolo nuostatas, daro išvadą, kad baudimas už kai kuriuos Irako spe­cialiojo tribunolo statute numatytus nusikaltimus būtų nesuderinamas su nullum crimen sine lege, nes tai nėra universaliai tarptautiniu lygiu pripažįstami nusikaltimai; terorizmo nusikaltimo Statute taip pat nenumatyta – tai būtų Irako nacionalinių teismų ju­risdikcijos klausimas.Taip pat teigiama, kad Statuto 11c) punktas turėtų būti traktuojamas kaip novela, nes numato agresiją kaip nusikalstamą veiką.Straipsnyje analizuojamos kaltinamųjų, liudytojų, nukentėjusiųjų teisės procese; pabrėžiama, kad Irako specialiojo tribunolo statute nenumatyta žalos atlygi­nimo instituto, kompensacijos už neteisėtą areštą ar sulaikymą; skiriama dėmesio reguliuojant procesą in absentia, Tribunolo sprendimo peržiūrai. The Iraqi Special Tribunal was established directly by the Iraqi Governing Council on December 10, 2003. The Tribunal has been mandated to try the accused for crimes under international law (genocide, crime against humanity and war crimes) and some violations of Stipulated Iraqi Laws.This article contains an analysis of the provisions of the Statute of the Iraqi Special Tribunal with regard to its material and procedural aspects. The Statute of this Tribunal was created taking for the pattern the Statute of International Criminal Court. However, the opinions of the Iraqis were also taken into account; the Iraqis wanted to have the solely power to exercise jurisdiction of this Tribunal.

War Crimes in Non-international Armed Conflicts under the Statute of the International Criminal Court

1999 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 177-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Djamchid Momtaz
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
International Criminal Court ◽  
International Criminal ◽  
War Crimes ◽  
Criminal Court ◽  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
Humanitarian Law ◽  
Customary International Law ◽  
Draft Statute ◽  
International Law Commission

International humanitarian law applicable in non-international armed conflicts has long been characterized by the absence of universal competence to suppress serious violations of its provisions. This failure has been due to the reluctance of states – which are naturally prone to consider any limitation of their exclusive competence in this field as a threat to their sovereignty – to criminalize such acts under international law.The first attempt at remedying such a situation was seen in the Draft Statute of an International Criminal Court (ICC), which was prepared by the International Law Commission (ILC) in 1994, and inspired by the draft articles of the Code of Crimes against the Peace and International Security of Mankind, provisionally adopted by the ILC in 1991 at first reading. Under the Draft Statute of the ICC, serious violations of the laws and customs applicable in armed conflicts would be under the jurisdiction of the Court. The ILC had in mind exceptionally serious war crimes, such as those described in the pertinent article of the draft code referred to by the Commission, constituting an extremely grave violation of the principles and laws of international law applicable in armed conflicts. In the commentary on this article, the ILC took care to specify that the expression ‘armed conflict’ covered the non-international armed conflicts that are the focus of common Article 3 of the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, as well as international armed conflicts.This first step was of very limited scope. In fact, according to the ILC, in order to be criminalized, the laws and customs of war had to find their origin in general customary international law.

1 Introduction

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fleck Dieter
Keyword(s):  
International Criminal Court ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
International Criminal ◽  
Criminal Court ◽  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
International Criminal Law ◽  
International Humanitarian Law ◽  
Humanitarian Law ◽  
Progressive Development ◽  
National Courts

This introductory chapter provides an overview of international humanitarian law. During the past decades, international humanitarian law has been subject to a progressive development which culminated in the four 1949 Geneva Conventions, the 1977 Protocols Additional to these Conventions, the 1980 Weapons Convention, the 1993 Chemical Weapons Convention, and the 1998 Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. While many efforts have been made by states to implement their obligations under international humanitarian law, much work remains to be done at international and national levels. This task poses a challenge to political decision-makers and to their legal and military advisers, many of whom must shoulder this workload in addition to other duties and in spite of the pressure of other priorities. Recent achievements of worldwide co-operation in this field are manifold: The interrelationship between humanitarian law and the protection of human rights in armed conflicts is largely accepted and better understood today than ever before. A progressive development of international criminal law has led to increased jurisprudence on war crimes and crimes against humanity by national courts, international ad hoc tribunals, and finally to the establishment of the International Criminal Court (ICC).

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