One of the century's greatest Marx editors, Rubel placed Marx's critique of the modern state on an equal footing with Marx's critique of political economy. An erudite scholar who in his Marx Oeuvres I-IV (1963-1994) pointed repeatedly to differences between Marx and Engels, he became a thorn in the side of Stalinist Marx editors, especially in France. Volume IV of Rubel's Marx Oeuvres, published less than two years before his death, offers a good vantage point from which to measure his overall contribution.