Three Excellent New Guidebooks for Especially Coastal Areas of the Pacific Northwest

Douglas-fir are traditionally grown as Christmas trees in the Pacific Northwest (PNW). Intermountain (IM) provenances of Douglas-fir are less likely to be injured after harvest by exposure to subfreezing temperatures than the coastal provenances. However, planting IM Douglas-fir in the coastal areas of the PNW is currently not recommended because of their high susceptibility to Rhabdocline needle cast. During a three-year period, needle cast severity was rated (0 to 100 scale) on trees in a replicated planting of IM Douglas-fir near Puyallup, WA. In 1997, needle cast ratings ranged from 0.8 to 70. Trees from the Cibola National Forest (NF) had significantly higher needle cast ratings (70.0) than trees from Carson NF (17.3), Coconino NF (15.7), Rio Grande NF (5.0), and Upper Clearwater, ID (0.8). Trees from the Apache NF (51.4), San Isabel NF (32.3), two collections representing the Lincoln NF (25.4-30.2), and the Santa Fe NF (21.3) had intermediate levels of needle cast. This study shows that certain sources of IM Douglas-fir can be grown in the PNW with minimal Rhabdocline needle cast problems. Applications of chlorothalonil also provided effective needle cast control on all but the most susceptible provenance. Accepted for publication 15 October 2001. Published 29 October 2001.

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Towards a Comparative Framework of Adaptive Planning and Anticipatory Action Regimes in Chile, Japan, and the US: An Exploration of Multiple Contexts Informing Tsunami Risk-Based Planning and Relocation

Journal of Disaster Research ◽

10.20965/jdr.2020.p0878 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 15 (7) ◽

pp. 878-889

Author(s):

Naoko Kuriyama ◽

Elizabeth Maly ◽

Jorge León ◽

Daniel Abramson ◽

Lan T. Nguyen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Pacific Northwest ◽

Case Study Research ◽

Coastal Areas ◽

Washington State ◽

Political Support ◽

Cascadia Subduction Zone ◽

Adaptive Planning ◽

The Pacific ◽

Tsunami Risk ◽

Anticipatory Action

Coastal regions around the Pacific Ring of Fire share the risk of massive earthquakes and tsunamis. Along with their own political-economic, cultural and biophysical contexts, each region has their own history and experiences of tsunami disasters. Coastal areas of Washington State in the U.S. are currently at risk of experiencing a tsunami following a massive Magnitude 9 (M9) earthquake anticipated in the Cascadia Subduction Zone (CSZ). Looking ahead to consider adaptive planning in advance of a tsunami following this M9 event, this paper explores how lessons from recent megaquake- and tsunami-related experiences of risk-based planning and relocation in coastal areas of Japan and Chile could inform anticipatory action in coastal Washington State. Based on a comparison of earthquake and tsunami hazards, social factors, and the roles of government, this paper outlines a framework to compare policy contexts of tsunami risk-based planning and relocation in three Ring of Fire countries, including factors shaping the possible transfer of approaches between them. Findings suggest some aspects of comparative significance and commonalities shared across coastal communities in the three countries and at the same time highlight numerous differences in governance and policies related to planning and relocation. Although there are limitations to the transferability of lessons in disaster adaptive planning and anticipatory action from one national/regional context to another, we believe there is much more that Washington and the Pacific Northwest can learn from Japanese and Chilean experiences. In any context, risk reduction policies and actions need to garner political support in order to be implemented. Additional case study research and detailed analysis is still needed to understand specific lessons that may be applied to detailed risk-based planning and relocation programs across these different national contexts.

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