Sex Ratio Selection and the Evolution of Environmental Sex Determination in Laboratory Populations of Menidia menidia

Evolution ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 46 (6) ◽  
pp. 1722 ◽  
Author(s):  
David O. Conover ◽  
David A. Van Voorhees ◽  
Amir Ehtisham
Keyword(s):  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Sex Determination ◽  
Environmental Sex Determination ◽  
Menidia Menidia ◽  
Laboratory Populations

scholarly journals SEX RATIO SELECTION AND THE EVOLUTION OF ENVIRONMENTAL SEX DETERMINATION IN LABORATORY POPULATIONS OF MENIDIA MENIDIA

Evolution ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 46 (6) ◽  
pp. 1722-1730 ◽  
Author(s):  
David O. Conover ◽  
David A. Van Voorhees ◽  
Amir Ehtisham
Keyword(s):  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Sex Determination ◽  
Environmental Sex Determination ◽  
Menidia Menidia ◽  
Laboratory Populations

Effective heritability of targets of sex-ratio selection under environmental sex determination

2011 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 784-794 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. E. McGAUGH ◽  
F. J. JANZEN
Keyword(s):  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Sex Determination ◽  
Environmental Sex Determination

The primary sex ratio under environmental sex determination

1989 ◽  
Vol 139 (4) ◽  
pp. 431-436 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric L. Charnov ◽  
James J. Bull
Keyword(s):  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Sex Determination ◽  
Environmental Sex Determination ◽  
Primary Sex Ratio

Heritability of Sex Ratio in Turtles with Environmental Sex Determination

Evolution ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 333 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. Bull ◽  
R. C. Vogt ◽  
M. G. Bulmer
Keyword(s):  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Sex Determination ◽  
Environmental Sex Determination

Temperature-Sensitive Period of Sex Determination in the Atlantic Silverside, Menidia menidia

1986 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 514-520 ◽  
Author(s):  
David O. Conover ◽  
Mark H. Fleisher
Keyword(s):  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Sex Determination ◽  
Sex Differentiation ◽  
Sensitive Period ◽  
Temperature Sensitive ◽  
Measurable Effect ◽  
Menidia Menidia ◽  
Atlantic Silverside ◽  
Gonad Differentiation ◽  
Hormone Sensitive

We investigated the timing and duration of the temperature-sensitive period of development in the Atlantic silverside, Menidia menidia, by measuring the sex ratio in groups of larvae shifted reciprocally among low and high temperatures as development progressed. The sensitive period of sex determination was dependent on body size, rather than age, and occurred during the middle to later stages of larval development when fish were between 8 and 21 mm in total length. Sex determination was irreversibly fixed earlier in development (i.e. at 15 mm in length) at higher than at lower temperatures. Higher, male-producing temperatures therefore appear to more strongly effect sex determination than do lower, female-producing temperatures. Temperature prior to, or after, the sensitive period had no measurable effect on sex ratio. From histological examination we suggest that gonad differentiation coincided with the end of the temperature-sensitive period. The timing and duration of the temperature-sensitive period in M. menidia is generally similar to the hormone-sensitive period identified in other fishes. Both phenomena reveal a specific developmental period during which the course of primary sex differentiation in fishes is labile.

scholarly journals Environmental Influences on Crustacean Sex Determination and Reproduction: Environmental Sex Determination, Parasitism, and Pollution

2020 ◽  
pp. 394-428
Author(s):  
Alison M. Dunn ◽  
Thierry Rigaud ◽  
Alex T. Ford
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Sex Determination ◽  
Environmental Influences ◽  
Host Population ◽  
Adaptive Mechanism ◽  
Environmental Sex Determination ◽  
Individual Fitness ◽  
Ratio Distortion ◽  
Sex Ratio Distortion

This chapter reviews the influences of environmental factors on sex determination, sex ratios, and reproductive behavior in the Crustacea, focusing in particular on amphipod and isopod examples. A range of abiotic and biotic environmental factors influence reproduction in Crustacea, including temperature, day length, pollutants, and parasites. Individual crustaceans may benefit from these environmental influences, but in other cases, reproductive biology responses to biotic and abiotic environments may be detrimental to individual fitness. Environmental Sex Determination (ESD) falls into the former category. ESD is an adaptive mechanism of sex determination that is rare, but has evolved in diverse taxa. Evidence from gammarid amphipods is used to explore the evolution of ESD in response to a patchy environment. While ESD is an adaptive mechanism of sex determination, the impact of other environmental factors can be very costly. Parasitic castrators can lead to a reduction or total cessation of reproduction in crustacean hosts, driving population declines. In contrast, parasitic feminizers convert male hosts into females, enhancing maternal parasite transmission but also leading to sex ratio distortion in the host population. The chapter discusses parasite-host coevolutionary conflict and reviews evidence that selection on the host in response to parasitic sex ratio distortion has led to altered mate choice in amphipods, and to the evolution of a novel system of sex determination in isopods. Human-induced environmental influences can also be seen in Crustacea, and the chapter discusses how parasites, ESD, and endocrine-disrupting chemicals can each affect sex determination and lead to abnormal intersex phenotypes. It ends by highlighting areas for future research on the diverse world of crustacean reproduction.

Is Resource Partitioning among Offspring a Response to Brood Sex Ratio in an Amphipod with Environmental Sex Determination?

Oikos ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 203 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennie McCabe ◽  
Alison M. Dunn
Keyword(s):  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Sex Determination ◽  
Resource Partitioning ◽  
Environmental Sex Determination ◽  
Brood Sex Ratio

scholarly journals Do Covariances Between Maternal Behavior and Embryonic Physiology Drive Sex-Ratio Evolution Under Environmental Sex Determination?

2019 ◽  
Vol 110 (4) ◽  
pp. 411-421 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fredric J Janzen ◽  
David M Delaney ◽  
Timothy S Mitchell ◽  
Daniel A Warner
Keyword(s):  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Sex Determination ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Oviposition Behavior ◽  
Thermal Sensitivity ◽  
Sex Ratios ◽  
Theoretical Work ◽  
Environmental Sex Determination ◽  
Turtle Species ◽  
Primary Sex Ratio

Abstract Fisherian sex-ratio theory predicts sexual species should have a balanced primary sex ratio. However, organisms with environmental sex determination (ESD) are particularly vulnerable to experiencing skewed sex ratios when environmental conditions vary. Theoretical work has modeled sex-ratio dynamics for animals with ESD with regard to 2 traits predicted to be responsive to sex-ratio selection: 1) maternal oviposition behavior and 2) sensitivity of embryonic sex determination to environmental conditions, and much research has since focused on how these traits influence offspring sex ratios. However, relatively few studies have provided estimates of univariate quantitative genetic parameters for these 2 traits, and the existence of phenotypic or genetic covariances among these traits has not been assessed. Here, we leverage studies on 3 species of reptiles (2 turtle species and a lizard) with temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD) to assess phenotypic covariances between measures of maternal oviposition behavior and thermal sensitivity of the sex-determining pathway. These studies quantified maternal behaviors that relate to nest temperature and sex ratio of offspring incubated under controlled conditions. A positive covariance between these traits would enhance the efficiency of sex-ratio selection when primary sex ratio is unbalanced. However, we detected no such covariance between measures of these categories of traits in the 3 study species. These results suggest that maternal oviposition behavior and thermal sensitivity of sex determination in embryos might evolve independently. Such information is critical to understand how animals with TSD will respond to rapidly changing environments that induce sex-ratio selection.

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