Mesiodistal dimensions of teeth in Serbian orthodontic patients with hypodontia

Introduction/Objective. Hypodontia is a common dental anomaly that occurs either in a non-syndromic form or as a part of various syndromes. It is considered a multifactorial condition with genetic, epigenetic and environmental influences, the interplay of which can lead to various anomalies in tooth size and number. The aim of this study was to assess mesiodistal tooth dimensions in Serbian hypodontia orthodontic patients and compare them to healthy controls using digital study models. Methods. Fifty subjects (30 females, 20 males) divided into two groups - 25 with hypodontia (15 females, 10 males) and 25 gender-matched controls (15 females, 10 males) were included in the study. Alginate impressions were taken and plaster models poured, digitized and imported into the software where mesiodistal dimensions were obtained. Results. Intra-operator reliability was high. All teeth in the hypodontia group had smaller mesiodistal dimensions compared to controls. Statistical significance was noted for all teeth except for upper canines. No statistically significant differences were found between males and females in neither the hypodontia nor the control group, except for lower canines, which were significantly smaller in both hypodontia and control females. The most commonly missing teeth were upper lateral incisors, and lower and upper premolars. Conclusion. Hypodontia group presented with smaller mesiodistal dimensions compared to controls. The greatest difference in mesiodistal dimensions was found in upper lateral incisors and lower first molars. Lower canines were significantly larger in males compared to females in both groups.

Environmental Influences on the Settlements Patterns of Communities in the Marshes of Iraq

In the field of residential community planning, one of the appropriate places to study the mutual influences between man and the environment, away from the influences, concepts and mechanisms of contemporary planning theories are isolated environments in rural areas, and the marshlands in Iraq represent one of these models. These areas still retain the planning patterns of residential communities for thousands of years. This research attempts to conduct a descriptive study of traditional settlement patterns, which relied on the capabilities of the surrounding areas to provide planning and architectural solutions based on the environmental factor. Establishing such a clear framework for these impacts can help in any future interventions or development processes in the region and ensure that any random or irregular interventions that may have occurred previously are not repeated. Which will preserve the components and sustainability of this ecosystem and maintain the harmony and integration between the elements of the architectural environment and the natural elements.

The Effects of Siblings and Twin Testosterone Transfer on Autistic Traits

Background: Having twin and non-twin siblings might influence autistic traits both prenatally and postnatally. The twin testosterone transfer hypothesis suggests that girls with a twin brother are exposed to higher levels of prenatal testosterone than girls with a twin sister. Prenatally, increased testosterone exposure could masculinize neural development and increase autistic traits. Postnatally, siblings may provide example behaviour, which could reduce autistic traits. Methods: We studied pre- and postnatal influences of twin and non-twin siblings on (mother and teacher-reported) autistic traits in 7,714 dizygotic twins. We examined the effect of gender of the proband child and of the siblings. We fitted regression models (for boys and girls separately) with as predictors sex of co-twin and having older and/or younger siblings. Results: Prenatally, girls’ (mother-reported) autistic traits were slightly lower for those with a twin brother than those with a twin sister, β = -.08, p = .001. This difference was not replicated in teacher-reported autistic traits, β = .01, p = .734. Boys’ (mother and teacher-reported) autistic traits were not related to the sex of their cotwin, p’s > .05. Postnatally, girls’ teacher-reported autistic traits were slightly higher if they had an older brother, β = .07, p = .013. Other than this small effect, girls’ autistic traits were not related to having siblings. Likewise, boys’ autistic traits were not related to having siblings. Conclusions: We do not find increased autistic traits in girls with a twin brother compared to a twin sister. This finding contributes to the body of literature that rejects the twin testosterone transfer hypothesis. In all, we find little evidence for pre- and postnatal sibling influences. Besides, our findings suggest that parent reports on autistic traits in twins might be slightly biased. Our findings align with ASD’s high heritability and absence of shared-environmental influences.

Opportunities and Challenges of Developing a Culinary Food Studies Bachelor’s Degree

Although Food Studies has been acknowledged as a distinctive field in Canada for almost two decades, until now there has not been an undergraduate degree in Food Studies in this country. This is changing with the development of Canada’s first Honours Bachelor’s Degree in Food Studies (BFS) at [Ontario College], set to launch in September 2021. This field report describes the process, opportunities, and challenges of developing a Food Studies degree at an Ontario college. It explores the unique openings at the intersection of food studies education and applied practical skills training for work in the food sector. In particular, we ask: What can food studies bring to culinary education? And, what can culinary education bring to food studies? We content that food studies can lend to a more transformative culinary education focused on social, cultural, political, and environmental influences in the food system. Simultaneously, culinary education brings distinct insights into operationalization within the food sector which provide new openings for applied research. We demonstrate the need for this new collaboration and knowledge as a necessity of a turbulent world.

Time – the significant capital of the manager

The current conditions of the functioning of enterprises and the complexity of many production processes raise the issues related to the efficiency of managers’ work to a higher level. Following this requirement, much more attention is paid to improving work efficiency and its proper organization. It has been emphasized that the increasing amount of knowledge necessary to be acquired in a unit of time and the greater degree of difficulty of working in various positions make it necessary to take into account, apart from natural human predispositions, also biological rhythms and current environmental influences. Therefore, it is understandable that employees, especially managers, should know the psychophysical activities shaping the efficiency of human work and consider their influence on the improvement of management efficiency. It has been emphasized that the role of a manager comes down to achieving the goals set by the team. In addition to the conditions, several proposals have been presented to improve the activities of people holding managerial positions.

Peran Pendidikan Agama Islam terhadap Akhlakul Karimah Anak

This study aims to explore the concept of morality and Muslim personality according to the book of Akhlak Li Al-Banin. The research uses a qualitative approach with a literature study approach. The results of the document analysis show that: 1) morals of karimah include several aspects starting from morals towards Allah, morals towards the Prophet Muhammad SAW, morals towards mothers, morals towards fathers, morals towards sisters, morality towards brothers, morals towards relatives, towards assistants, morals towards people who hurt him, morals towards neighbors, morals towards teachers, and morals towards friends. 2) The factors forming the Muslim personality are internal and external factors (education), nature, taufik and guidance. 3) The Muslim personality has special characteristics both in relation to God (morals to God), relationships to apostles (morals to apostles) and relationships with fellow humans (morals to fellow humans). Akhlakul karimah is an implication for the formation of a Muslim personality who is obedient to Allah, the Apostle, and family. It is recommended that moral education in children should start early, before the character and personality of a child who is still holy is colored by environmental influences that are not necessarily parallel to religious guidance; 2) Everyone must equip himself with the Muslim personality, both through formal and non-formal education.