The chapter stresses that the transition to a post-industrial society has consequences on the life course, and especially on the transition from childhood to adulthood. However, this transition varies significantly between countries, because of different institutional arrangements. Accordingly, the chapter analyzes these different arrangements of socio-economic institutions, including education, labor market policies, and welfare policies (with student support), by presenting the typology of “youth welfare citizenship regimes.” The second part of the chapter proceeds to four “typical” case studies showing how different growth regimes presented in the first chapter shape these youth welfare citizenship regimes (France, Germany, Sweden, and the United Kingdom). Then it analyzes how growth strategies (the reforms implemented by governments in order to boost growth and job creation) have recently been influencing the evolution of youth citizenship regimes, especially through reforms of active labor market policies (ALMP) that aim to fight youth unemployment. The argument here is not causal but rather contextual and systemic, and the objective of the case studies is therefore to present the coherence between a growth regime and the way socio-economic institutions structure the entry into adulthood, leading to a specific youth welfare citizenship regime, and how reforms inspired by a specific growth strategy contributes to transform youth welfare regime.
Fighting Youth Unemployment: The Effects of Active Labor Market Policies
