" Raisins and Almonds: A Yiddish Song as a Metaphor of Yiddish Folk Culture in the 21st Century"

В статье рассматривается вопрос об особенностях функционирования декоративных верб в этнически и конфессионально смешанной среде западной Беларуси и восточной Литвы во второй половине ХХ–начале ХХI вв. На основе полевых этнографических материалов устанавливаются основные типы декоративных верб и определяется характер используемого для их украшения материала. Устанавливается связь пальмообразных и вильнюсских верб с этническими и конфессиональными характеристиками верующих, а также рассматривается использование освященного символа в послепраздничное время. Выясняется, что распространение декоративных верб во второй половине ХХ в. определяется их рецепцией как символа Вербного воскресенья, а также их эстетическими качествами. Связанные с конфессиональными и этническими характеристиками населения декоративные вербы функционируют в западной Беларуси и восточной Литве как отходящий от своей христианской основы и вместе с тем наполняющийся новой семантикой образец современной религиозной и, в частности, народной культуры региона.Ключевые слова: декоративная верба, ива, можжевельник, вильнюсская верба, западная Беларусь, восточная Литва, православные, католики, символ....Jonas MardosaThe decorated verba in Western Belarus and Eastern Lithuania in the second half of the 20th and the beginning of the 21st century Various consecrated symbols play a special role in folk culture and folk religion. In the Christian liturgy, the verba (palm) is a symbol having a concrete religious meaning. In the second half of the 20th century, in Western Belarus and Eastern Lithuania, a tendency to consider verba from the aesthetic point of view emerged. An exceptional case among the verba (between Belarusian, Russian, Polish, and Lithuanian believers) are the decorated symbol, which may be called palm-shape verba.Amongst the believers of Belarus, regardless of confession, the decorated verba (with flowers) has become a symbol of the contemporary religious identity. Verbas with decorations in Eastern Lithuania are more popular amongst Polish believers; in Western Belarus, they are blessed regardless of confessional and nationality differences. In the beginning of the 21st century, three main variants of palm-shaped verba may be found. The first variant is made from willow or juniper twigs decorated with dry and green flower blossoms (or the twigs of both trees are used together). The second and very popular decoration variant is artificial flowers attached to a willow twig. In the third variant, the blossoms made from threads are arranged along the whole length of a willow twig.An exceptional case among the decorated verbas in Eastern Lithuania are the Vilnius verba. This variant of decorated verba first appeared at the start of the 19th century in the surrounding areas of Vilnius. Originally, these verbas were associated with the Polish religious and folk culture of Southeast Lithuania. In the second half of the 20th century, the Vilnius verbas were strongly linked with the Catholic Lithuanian and Polish folk culture of the Vilnius region, but have not been popular amongst the believers of Belarus.Considerable differences may be noticed in the scope and content of decorative elements in the verba of Lithuania and Belarus. In Lithuania, decorated verbas are more popular among urban Catholics. Thus, verba reveals the diversity of the Christian tradition, which comprises the exceptional features of the contemporary folk religion in Eastern Lithuania and Western Belarus. Through the link between the verba and the ethnic and confessional communities, these variants of the symbol become an important identity-forming factor for the inhabitants of Western Belarus and Eastern Lithuania in the second half of the 20th and the beginning of the 21st century.

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The Legacy of Ancient Customs. The Extreme Way of the Cross

Perspektywy Kultury ◽

10.35765/pk.2019.2603.12 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 26 (3) ◽

pp. 161-168

Author(s):

Piotr Krzysztoforski

Keyword(s):

20Th Century ◽

21St Century ◽

Religious Experiences ◽

Folk Culture ◽

Historical Events ◽

Social Transformations ◽

The Cross ◽

Folk Tradition

The article presents what celebrating is and how it has evolved to our times. Phenomena which resulted in the crisis of customs at the turn of the 21st century are signaled. Historical events, twists and turn of civilization, and social transformations have caused a departure from the customs of folk tradition near the end of the 20th century. However, folk culture, which is characterized by traditionalism, has preserved many rituals. More and more people are participating, and the need to deepen spiritual religious experiences has led to new initiatives, such as the Extreme Way of the Cross.

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