scholarly journals Interactions, space presentations, blocks and cross products

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 061-073
Author(s):  
Gudrun Kalmbach HE

Physics counts four basic forces, the electromagnetic EMI, weak WI, strong SI interactions and gravity GR. The first three are provided with a unified theory which partly needs revision and has the symmetry U(1)xSU(2)xSU(3). In this article their space presentations are described in order to inlcude a theory for gravity which cannot be added directly to the standrd model. There are many instances of gravitational actions which are different from the other three interactions. Gravity uses geometrical models beside spactime, often projective, including stereographic and spiralic orthogonal subspace projections. Real and complex cross products, symmetries which belong to the complex Moebius transformation subgroups, complex cross ratios, Gleason frame GF measures, dihedrals nth roots of unity with symmetris are some new tools (figure 14) for a new gravity model. The basic vector space is 8-dimensional, but beside the usual vector addition and calculus there are different multiplications added. The author uses complex multiplications in the complex 4-dimensional space C4 for calculus. The SU (3) multiplication of GellMann 3x3-matrices is used for C³ and its three 4-dimensional C² projections. Projective spaces are CP² for nucleons and a GR Higgs plane P² and projective measuring GF‘s which have 3-dimensional, orthogonal base vectors like spin. The doubling of quaternionic spacetime to octonians has a different multiplication and seven GF‘s which partly occur in physics as cross product equations. Beside the real, the complex cross product extends the spacetime dimensions from 4 to 8. Consequences are that there are many 3-dimensional, many 4-dimensional, some 6-dimensional and also projective 5-dimensional spaces in which the actions of gravity can then be described. Spacetime is for this not sufficient. No symmetry can be muliplied to the standard model since the new symmetries belong to different geometries and are not directly related to a set of field quantums like one photon for EMI, three weak bosons (or four) for WI, eight gluons for SI. GR has graviton waves similar to EMI waves and in quasiparticle form rgb-graviton whirls, for mass Higgs bosons, maybe also solitons (density as mass per volume changing). They attribute to a distance metric between two points (kept fixed) an amplitude density (operator} which changes the metrical diameter of the volume, but not the mass.

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  

The author suggested three 8-dimensional vector spaces with different multiplications and number of generators for SI with the SU(3) 8 gluon GellMann matrices λk, the signed quaternion SU(2) generators (Pauli matrices σj, j = 1,2,3 and id) of the weak interaction WI and newly added is in the MINT-Wigris project the octonians which have seven Gleason measuring frames GF, not only the weak Pauli spin GF. Developing a unified theory for the four basi interactions the doubling of quaternion numbers to octonians is necessary. The use of the GF real cross product was necessary to double up the complex numbers to quaternions. As projections the λk matrices are 3-dimensional blown up σj matrices with a row and column of coordinates 0 added. The blown up σ3 matrices are linearly independent and give only 2 not 3 gluons as geometrical invariants. The 3 WI invariants are the weak bosons W+, W- and Z° and one more invariant photon for EMI for the electromagnetic interaction with the U(1) symmetry, a circle.


2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiu Jianjuan ◽  
Li Yuli ◽  
He You ◽  
Wang Guohong

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomoya Miura ◽  
Shun Maeta

Abstract We show that any triharmonic Riemannian submersion from a 3-dimensional space form into a surface is harmonic. This is an affirmative partial answer to the submersion version of the generalized Chen conjecture. Moreover, a non-existence theorem for f -biharmonic Riemannian submersions is also presented.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan Edward O'Donnell ◽  
Kyrie Murawski ◽  
Ella Herrmann ◽  
Jesse Wisch ◽  
Garrett D. Sullivan ◽  
...  

There have been conflicting findings on the degree to which exogenous/reflexive visual attention is selective for depth, and this issue has important implications for attention models. Previous findings have attempted to find depth-based cueing effects on such attention using reaction time measures for stimuli presented in stereo goggles with a display screen. Results stemming from such approaches have been mixed, depending on whether target/distractor discrimination was required. To help clarify the existence of such depth effects, we have developed a paradigm that measures accuracy rather than reaction time in an immersive virtual-reality environment, providing a more appropriate context of depth. Four modified Posner Cueing paradigms were run to test for depth-specific attentional selectivity. Participants fixated a cross while attempting to identify a rapidly masked letter that was preceded by a cue that could be valid in depth and side, depth only, or side only. In Experiment 1, a potent cueing effect was found for side validity and a weak effect was found for depth. Experiment 2 controlled for differences in cue and target sizes when presented at different depths, which caused the depth validity effect to disappear entirely even though participants were explicitly asked to report depth and the difference in virtual depth was extreme (20 vs 300 meters). Experiments 3a and 3b brought the front depth plane even closer (1 m) to maximize effects of binocular disparity, but no reliable depth cueing validity was observed. Thus, it seems that rapid/exogenous attention pancakes 3-dimensional space into a 2-dimensional reference frame.


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