During most of the eighteenth century the Italian Hospital in Prague served mostly as a home for foundlings and orphans, who remained in the Hospital until they were around age twenty. The Hospital's death register is an important source for the study of mortality patterns among infants, children, and young persons in their teens, but the information in it has to be evaluated critically. Analysis of death patterns suggests that the Hospital's care system was not able to reduce significantly the expected high infant and child mortality rates, but also that the Hospital's residents did enjoy certain kinds of care that were not available to children in private homes.