scholarly journals The Tradition of the 364-Day Calendar versus the Calendar Polemic in Second Temple Judaism

Verbum Vitae ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michał Jarosław Klukowski
Keyword(s):  
Distinctive Feature ◽  
Second Temple ◽  
Second Temple Judaism ◽  
The Moon ◽  
The Temple ◽  
Qumran Community

The article presents the major hypotheses concerning the emergence of the 364-day calendar within Judaism and the related calendrical controversy, which presumably caused the separation of a certain group of Jews, known to us as the Qumran Community, from the temple cult in Jerusalem. It is not known whether the 364-day calendar tradition is older than that of the Astronomical Book, or whether the adoption of this tradition was accompanied by conflicts. The Qumran texts do not provide unequivocal evidence for any calendrical polemics. The only witness to these polemics is The Book of Jubilees, copies of which were found in the Qumran library. However, the Qumran Community itself did not share the radical line of The Book of Jubilees, which condemns reliance on the moon in time-keeping. The 364-day calendar is presumed to have been a distinctive feature of the Qumran Community, which however did not arouse any controversies within Second Temple Judaism.

Response to the Respondents: Competition, Qumran and Supersessionism

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-133
Author(s):  
Joel Marcus
Keyword(s):  
Second Temple ◽  
Second Temple Judaism ◽  
John The Baptist ◽  
History Of ◽  
Qumran Community ◽  
The Way

Abstract The critics of JBHT in this issue have questioned three main aspects of the book: its assertion that early Christians competed with people who believed that John the Baptist was the principal figure in the history of salvation, its assertion that early in his career the Baptist was a member of the Qumran community, and the way in which the book situates the Baptist in relation to Second Temple Judaism in general. The article addresses these concerns, rebutting certain objections but acknowledging areas in which the book could have been more nuanced or further developed.

8. Jewish sectarianism in the Second Temple period

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy H. Lim
Keyword(s):  
Dead Sea Scrolls ◽  
Second Temple ◽  
Dead Sea ◽  
Second Temple Judaism ◽  
Religious Tolerance ◽  
Second Temple Period ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Dead ◽  
Qumran Community

‘Jewish sectarianism in the Second Temple period’ contextualizes the Dead Sea Scrolls within the history of Second Temple Judaism and discusses the origins and history of the Qumran community of the Essenes. The period began under Persian rule, when Cyrus adopted a policy of religious tolerance. Alexander’s conquest of Judaea led to Hellenistic rule, until the Maccabaean revolt gained Jewish freedom. The Qumran–Essenes did not view Maccabaeans as legitimate rulers, so left the group before the Hasamonaean dynasty began. Judaism at this time comprised many sects. Some, such as the Qumran–Essenes, were introversionist and isolated, whereas others were reformist and remained in wider society.

scholarly journals The Unique Sacrifice of Christ According to Hebrews 9: A Study in Theological Creativity

Religions ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 47
Author(s):  
Christian A. Eberhart ◽  
Donald Schweitzer
Keyword(s):  
Early Christianity ◽  
Second Temple ◽  
Second Temple Judaism ◽  
High Priest ◽  
Present Essay ◽  
The Temple

The letter to the Hebrews develops a distinct christological and soteriological concept of Jesus as both high priest and unique sacrifice once and for all. In doing so, Hebrews remains largely faithful to cult traditions of Second Temple Judaism. Especially the concept of Jesus as sacrifice is, however, theologically creative and innovative. The present essay explores these dynamic developments and discusses how they led early Christianity to ultimately abandon the temple cult.

Catching John in Four Nets? Competition, Qumran, Sacramentalism and Messianism

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 74-98
Author(s):  
Federico Adinolfi ◽  
Joan Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Holy Spirit ◽  
Second Temple ◽  
Second Temple Judaism ◽  
Jesus Movement ◽  
John The Baptist ◽  
The Holy Spirit ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Qumran Community ◽  
Mutual Agreement

Abstract In his recent study on John the Baptist Joel Marcus suggests that John founded a sect that was in competition with the early Jesus movement. Marcus also suggests that John himself was a former member of the 'Qumran community'. His baptism is considered as a kind of sacrament in which the Holy Spirit was imparted. How secure are these proposals? In this discussion, we conclude that in the oldest literary witnesses – Q, Mark and Matthew – the relationship between John and Jesus is seen in terms of mutual agreement (despite Jesus’s obvious superiority) and there are no recognizable traces of serious competition with John’s disciples, even less a ‘Baptist sect’. The evidence used by Marcus to suggest that John was once a member of the ‘Qumran community’ connects John with broader patterns of thought in Second Temple Judaism, not simply sectarians at one location. That John imparted the Holy Spirit in a sacramental rite can only be supported by radically altering biblical readings. However, Marcus has suggested that in light of all this that John thought of himself not only as Elijah but as a kind of Messiah, with the role of his successor, the Coming One, being to destroy the chaff. In doing this, Marcus redesigns John as a kind of alternative Christ of Faith. However, the underlying ‘competition model’ needs to be rejected and replaced with one that sees Jesus as claiming to be a successor to John, his highly esteemed teacher.

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