Retraction: Biodegradation of Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals and Residual Organic Pollutants of Pulp and Paper Mill Effluent by Biostimulation

Padalarang pulp and paper mill, a soda pulp and paper mill without chemical recovery, located near Bandung, Indonesia, discharges untreated effluent mixed with domestic waste water into surrounding rice fields. For more than 60 years, paddy has been harvested 3 times a year. An in-depth study to characterize the effluent, the soil and the biomass production was conducted to define the evidence. A field study using four experimental plots indicated that soil irrigated with effluent had a higher concentration of potassium, calcium, sodium ions and greater cation exchange capacity than near-by soil. Analysis of well water showed that the effluent had no effect on the ground water. A reduction of suspended solids and BOD occurred in the effluent while flowing through rice fields. The yields of paddy demonstrated significant positive effect of effluent either in dry or in rainy season, while zeolites as soil amendment did not give significant effect to the already high paddy crop yield.

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Influence of crude oil and pulp and paper mill effluent on mixed infections of Trichodina cottidarium and T. saintjohnsi (Ciliophora) parasitizing Myoxocephalus octodecemspinosus and M. scorpius

Canadian Journal of Zoology ◽

10.1139/z94-033 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 72 (2) ◽

pp. 247-251 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

R. A. Khan ◽

D. E. Barker ◽

K. Williams-Ryan ◽

R. G. Hooper

Keyword(s):

Crude Oil ◽

Paper Mill ◽

Pulp And Paper ◽

Contaminated Sediment ◽

Pulp And Paper Mill ◽

Paper Mill Effluent ◽

Site Field ◽

Myoxocephalus Scorpius ◽

Longhorn Sculpin ◽

Fish Hosts

Samples of longhorn sculpin (Myoxocephalus octodecemspinosus) were exposed to sediment contaminated with crude oil or pulp and paper mill effluent for periods up to 13 months in the laboratory. Other samples were collected at sites where crude oil or effluent from a pulp and paper mill are discharged. The intensity of gill infections of Trichodina spp. on exposed fish was significantly higher than on controls 5, 9, and 13 months after exposure. The intensity of the ciliates was also greater on sculpins collected near an oil-receiving terminal than on those sampled 5 km from the polluted site. Field collections of longhorn and shorthorn (Myoxocephalus scorpius) sculpins at and distant from a pulp and paper mill had high and low intensities of the ciliates, respectively. Similarly, the intensity of trichodinid ciliates was also significantly greater in longhorn sculpins exposed to effluent-contaminated sediment than in controls 5 months after exposure. The results suggest that the intensity of gill-inhibiting species such as trichodinids in susceptible fish hosts increases after chronic exposure to crude oil and to pulp and paper mill effluent, and the parasites may serve as indicators of pollution.

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Quantification of Plant Sterols in Pulp and Paper Mill Effluents

Water Quality Research Journal ◽

10.2166/wqrj.2008.020 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 43 (2-3) ◽

pp. 173-181 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Zahid Mahmood-Khan ◽

Eric R. Hall

Keyword(s):

Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals ◽

Complex Mixture ◽

Paper Mill ◽

Pulp And Paper ◽

Plant Sterols ◽

Pulp And Paper Mill ◽

Modified Technique ◽

Butyl Ether ◽

Aquatic Life ◽

Paper Mill Effluents

Abstract Pulp and paper mill effluents (PPMEs) may contain high levels of otherwise naturally occurring organic pollutants such as plant sterols, which are suspected endocrine disrupting chemicals. Exposure to such chemicals may cause various physiological and morphological abnormalities that have been reported in the fish and other aquatic life inhabiting PPME receiving waters. Plant sterols, or phytosterols, form a constituent of wood extractives that may be released into the effluents during the pulping and paper making processes. Isolation and analysis of sterols from the complex mixture of PPMEs is challenging and standard analytical protocols do not exist. The need for having a reliable method for analyzing a particular environmental contaminant such as plant sterols cannot be overemphasized. In the present study a technique was modified for reliable analysis of PPME sterols. The technique involves liquid-liquid extractions using methyl-t-butyl ether and trimethyl-silylation derivatizations of the extracted sterols. Identification and quantification of the PPME sterols were accomplished by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Analytical problems were resolved by conducting multiple extractions, drying the sterol extracts, and redissolving and silylating the extracts at an increased derivatization temperature of 70°C. This shortened the suggested incubation period from 12 to 4 h. The modified technique offered improved method sensitivity and reproducibility, and successfully quantified campesterol, β-sitosterol, β-sitostanol, stigmasterol, stigmastanol, cholesterol, and ergosterol in PPMEs. Primary and secondary treated PPMEs analyses suggested 800 ± 190 µg/L total sterols in primary effluents, and 211 ± 90 µg/L in biologically treated final effluents. β-Sitosterol, β-sitostanol, and campesterol alone accounted for about 80% of the total sterols. A general comparison of the sterols in primary and secondary effluents suggested about 73% removal across the secondary treatment systems sampled.

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COD reduction studies of paper mill effluent using a batch recirculation electrochemical method

Polish Journal of Chemical Technology ◽

10.2478/v10026-011-0034-5 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 13 (3) ◽

pp. 37-41

Author(s):

T. Kannadasan ◽

V. Sivakumar ◽

C. Basha ◽

Arun Parwate ◽

K. Senthilkumar ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Electrochemical Method ◽

Supporting Electrolyte ◽

Chloride Concentration ◽

Paper Mill ◽

Electrochemical Reactor ◽

Pulp And Paper ◽

Pulp And Paper Mill ◽

Cod Reduction ◽

Paper Mill Effluent ◽

Reservoir Volume

COD reduction studies of paper mill effluent using a batch recirculation electrochemical method The conventional method of treating pulp and paper mill effluent involves the biological oxidation by bacterial action of aerobic and anaerobic conditions and aerobic lagooning method, which are less efficiency of removing COD. To overcome the drawbacks of the existing treatment process, in the present work an attempt has been made to study the electro oxidative destruction of the pulp and paper mill effluent using an electrochemical method and the effect of various parameters such as concentration of supporting electrolytes, current densities, flow rates of electrolyte and reservoir volumes of the effluent were conducted. From the experimental results it is observed that the rate of reduction of COD of the effluent increased with an increase in the supporting electrolyte (sodium chloride) concentration, current density where as it decreased with increase in the reservoir volume and the flow rate of electrolyte. The residence time distributions studies have also been conducted to study the behavior of the electrochemical reactor.

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