The effect of two types of baseline training on behavioral contrast and the peak shift

1973 ◽  
Vol 2 (6) ◽  
pp. 407-409 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdulaziz A. Dukhayyil ◽  
Joseph E. Lyons
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Contrast ◽  
Peak Shift ◽  
Baseline Training

Some Determinants of the Peak Shift in Stimulus Generalization

1973 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie G. Weinberg
Keyword(s):  
Discrimination Training ◽  
Positive Reinforcement ◽  
Behavioral Contrast ◽  
Generalization Test ◽  
Variable Interval ◽  
Peak Shift ◽  
Test Session ◽  
Stimulus Generalization ◽  
Physical Separation ◽  
Subsequent Discrimination

Rats were pretrained in the presence of an auditory click rate stimulus of 14 pps correlated with variable-interval or variable-ratio reinforcement. During subsequent discrimination training, the added stimulus, correlated with extinction, was 18, 36, 72, or 0 (no sound) pps. After discrimination, Ss were given a generalization test session, in extinction, in which five click rate stimuli were presented. The inverse relationship between physical separation of the discrimination training stimuli and amount of peak shift of the generalization gradient occurred regardless of the original positive reinforcement schedule during training. Behavioral contrast was not produced by all Ss. Results demonstrated no effect of separation of training stimuli on behavioral contrast and that behavioral contrast and peak shift need not covary.

Differential Multiple-Schedule Interactions in Rats

1976 ◽  
Vol 43 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1167-1175
Author(s):  
James F. Mc Coy ◽  
Merrill E. Pratt ◽  
Alan R. Benson
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Schedule ◽  
Behavioral Contrast ◽  
Variable Interval ◽  
Baseline Training ◽  
Discriminative Stimuli ◽  
Free Operant ◽  
Regular Extinction ◽  
Multiple Variable ◽  
Positive Behavioral Contrast ◽  
Negative Induction

Three experiments examined multiple-schedule interactions in a free-operant paradigm for rats. In Exps. 1 and 2 three rats each and in Exp. 3 five rats were given extended multiple variable-interval baseline training before being shifted to multiple variable-interval extinction. Visual discriminative stimuli and regular extinction, which allowed nonreinforced responding, were used in Exps. 1 and 2, but auditory discriminative stimuli and retraction of the lever to prevent responding during extinction were used in Exp. 3. Positive behavioral contrast was observed in only one out of six rats in Exps. 1 and 2, while negative induction was observed in the other five subjects. However, contrast was observed at some point in training for all five subjects in Exp. 3. The differential multiple-schedule interactions were attributed to the introduction of an additional stimulus-reinforcer dependency with regard to the presence vs absence of the lever in Exp. 3. Results support an autoshaping or additivity account of behavioral contrast.

scholarly journals BEHAVIORAL CONTRAST AND THE PEAK SHIFT: EFFECTS OF EXTENDED DISCRIMINATION TRAINING1

1966 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 613-617 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. S. Terrace
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Contrast ◽  
Peak Shift

scholarly journals AN INVESTIGATION OF PEAK SHIFT AND BEHAVIORAL CONTRAST FOR AUTOSHAPED AND OPERANT BEHAVIOR

1980 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Catherine Bushnell ◽  
Stanley J. Weiss
Keyword(s):  
Operant Behavior ◽  
Behavioral Contrast ◽  
Peak Shift

Auditory peak shift: The impact of experience

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew G. Wisniewski ◽  
Barbara A. Church ◽  
Eduardo Mercado
Keyword(s):  
Peak Shift ◽  
The Impact

Peak Shift: Is it Perceptual Learning or a Temporary Attentional Adjustment?

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew G. Wisniewski ◽  
Barbara A. Church ◽  
Eduardo Mercado
Keyword(s):  
Perceptual Learning ◽  
Peak Shift

Utilizing ICG Spectroscopical Properties for Real-Time Nanoparticle Release Quantification In vitro and In vivo in Imaging Setups

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (31) ◽  
pp. 3828-3833 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tuula Peñate-Medina ◽  
Eike Kraas ◽  
Kunliang Luo ◽  
Jana Humbert ◽  
Hanwen Zhu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Release Kinetics ◽  
Pure Water ◽  
Squamous Carcinoma ◽  
Peak Shift ◽  
Intensity Increase ◽  
Nude Mouse Model ◽  
Absorption And Emission ◽  
Squamous Carcinoma Cells

Background: Nanoparticle imaging and tracking the release of the loaded material from the nanoparticle system have attracted significant attention in recent years. If the release of the loaded molecules could be monitored reliably in vivo, it would speed up the development of drug delivery systems remarkably. Methods: Here, we test a system that uses indocyanine green (ICG) as a fluorescent agent for studying release kinetics in vitro and in vivo from the lipid iron nanoparticle delivery system. The ICG spectral properties like its concentration dependence, sensitivity and the fluctuation of the absorption and emission wavelengths can be utilized for gathering information about the change of the ICG surrounding. Results: We have found that the absorption, fluorescence, and photoacoustic spectra of ICG in lipid iron nanoparticles differ from the spectra of ICG in pure water and plasma. We followed the ICG containing liposomal nanoparticle uptake into squamous carcinoma cells (SCC) by fluorescence microscopy and the in vivo uptake into SCC tumors in an orthotopic xenograft nude mouse model under a surgical microscope. Conclusion: Absorption and emission properties of ICG in the different solvent environment, like in plasma and human serum albumin, differ from those in aqueous solution. Photoacoustic spectral imaging confirmed a peak shift towards longer wavelengths and an intensity increase of ICG when bound to the lipids. The SCC cells showed that the ICG containing liposomes bind to the cell surface but are not internalized in the SCC-9 cells after 60 minutes of incubation. We also showed here that ICG containing liposomal nanoparticles can be traced under a surgical camera in vivo in orthotopic SCC xenografts in mice.

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