Abstract
A 71-year-old female was admitted in the emergency room after effort-related syncope. She had past medical history of obesity and hypertension treated with lercanidipine. No relevant family history. Physical examination revealed systolic murmur (grade 2/6). ECG showed sinus rhythm and left bundle brunch block (Supplementary figure). Lab results were unremarkable including troponin I. Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) revealed moderate left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy [septal thickness 14 mm (normal: 6–9mm)], extensive mitral annulus calcification (MAC) with exuberant myocardial calcification at the level of posterior leaflet that invaded adjacent LV walls, systolic anterior motion of the anterior mitral leaflet causing LV outflow tract (LVOT) obstruction (maximum gradient 34 mmHg) and moderate mitral regurgitation (MR) (Panel A). Exercise echocardiogram provoked LVOT gradient >100mmHg and severe MR. Continuous ECG monitoring during 13 days demonstrated no arrhythmic events. Cardiac CT showed multiple calcifications extending from mitral annulus to LV anterior and lateral walls and cardiac MRI was compatible with caseous MAC (Panels B-F). Coronary angiography showed 50% stenosis of mid left anterior descending artery. Normal thoracic CT and ACE, and negative IGRA excluded sarcoidosis and tuberculosis. Comprehensive study, including calcium metabolism and autoantibodies, excluded metabolic and inflammatory aetiologies of myocardial calcification, which was assumed as dystrophic in the context of MAC. No syncope occurred after bisoprolol 2.5 mg, oral rehydration and discontinuation of lercanidipine. However, rest and exercise TTE failed to show improvement of LVOT gradient or MR and patient remained on NYHA class II-III, despite maximal tolerated dose of bisoprolol (5 mg), being therefore referred to cardiac surgery.
Mitral Annulus Calcification and Cardiac Conduction Disturbances: a DANCAVAS Sub-study
