Study on the Urine Iodine Detection Results of School-age Children and Pregnant Women in Wudu District of Longnan City

Abstract Background As insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) wear out and are disposed, some household members are prioritized to use remaining ITNs. This study assessed how nets are allocated within households to individuals of different age categories as ITNs are lost or damaged and as new ITNs are obtained. The study also explored how ITN allocation affects ITN durability. Methods A cross-sectional household survey and ITN durability study was conducted among 2,875 households across Tanzania to determine the proportion of nets that remain protective (serviceable) 22 months after net distribution aiming for universal coverage. Allocation of study nets within houses, and re-allocation of ITNs when new universal replacement campaign (URC) nets arrived in study households in Musoma District, was also assessed. Results Some 57.0% (95% CI 53.9–60.1%) of households had sufficient ITNs for every household member, while 84.4% (95% CI 82.4–86.4%) of the population had access to an ITN within their household (assuming 1 net covers every 2 members). In households with sufficient nets, 77.5% of members slept under ITNs. In households without sufficient nets, pregnant women (54.6%), children < 5 years (45.8%) and adults (42.1%) were prioritized, with fewer school-age children 5–14 years (35.9%), youths 15–24 years (28.1%) and seniors > 65 years (32.6%) sleeping under ITNs. Crowding ($$\ge$$ ≥ 3 people sleeping under nets) was twice as common among people residing in houses without sufficient nets for all age groups, apart from children < 5. Nets were less likely to be serviceable if: $$\ge$$ ≥ 3 people slept under them (OR 0.50 (95% CI 0.40–0.63)), or if nets were used by school-age children (OR 0.72 (95% CI 0.56–0.93)), or if the net product was Olyset®. One month after the URC, only 23.6% (95% CI 16.7–30.6%) of the population had access to a URC ITN in Musoma district. Householders in Musoma district continued the use of old ITNs even with the arrival of new URC nets. Conclusion Users determined the useful life of ITNs and prioritized pregnant women and children < 5 to serviceable ITNs. When household net access declines, users adjust by crowding under remaining nets, which further reduces ITN lifespan. School-age children that commonly harbour gametocytes that mediate malaria transmission are compelled to sleep under unserviceable nets, crowd under nets or remain uncovered. However, they were accommodated by the arrival of new nets. More frequent ITN delivery through the school net programme in combination with mass distribution campaigns is essential to maximize ITN effectiveness.

Download Full-text

The Consequences of Declining Population Access to Insecticide Treated Nets (ITNs) on Net Use Patterns and Physical Degradation of Nets after 22 Months of Ownership

10.21203/rs.3.rs-80074/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Zawadi Mageni Mboma ◽

Charles Festo ◽

Lena M. Lorenz ◽

Dennis J. Massue ◽

William N. Kisinza ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Pregnant Women ◽

Age Groups ◽

Household Survey ◽

Universal Coverage ◽

School Age Children ◽

School Age ◽

Insecticide Treated Nets ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Use Patterns ◽

Physical Degradation

Abstract BackgroundAs the number of insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) in households (access) declines when nets wear out some household-members are prioritised to use the remaining ITNs. This study assessed how nets are allocated within households to individuals of different age categories as ITNs are lost or damaged and as new ITNs are obtained. The study also explored how ITN allocation affects ITN durability. MethodsA cross-sectional household survey and ITN durability study was conducted among 2,875 households across Tanzania to determine the proportion of nets that remain protective (serviceable) twenty-two months after net distribution aiming for universal coverage. Allocation of study nets within houses and re-allocation of ITNs when new Universal Replacement Campaign (URC) nets arrived in study households in Musoma District was also assessed.ResultsOnly 57.0% [95% CI: 53.9-60.1%] of households had enough ITNs for every household member (assuming one net covers every 2 members). In households with enough nets, 77.5% of members slept under ITNs. In households without enough nets, pregnant women (54.6%), children<5 (45.8%) and adults (42.1%) were prioritised, with fewer school-age children 5-14 (35.9%), youths 15-24 (28.1%) and seniors>65 (32.6%) sleeping under ITNs. Crowding ( 3 people slept under nets) was twice as common among people residing in houses without enough nets for all age groups apart from children<5. Nets were less likely to be serviceable if 3 people slept under them (OR=0.50 [95%CI 0.40-0.63]); if nets were used by school-age children (OR=0.72 [95%CI 0.56-0.93]) and if the net product was Olyset®. One month after the URC, only 23.6% [95%CI 16.7-30.6%] had access to an URC ITN in Musoma district. Householders in Musoma district continued the use of old ITNs even with the arrival of new URC nets.ConclusionUsers determined the useful life of ITNs and prioritized pregnant women and children<5 to serviceable ITNs. When household net access declines, users adjust by crowding under remaining nets, which further reduces ITN lifespan. School-age children that commonly harbour gametocytes that mediate malaria transmission are compelled to sleep under unserviceable nets, crowd under nets or remain uncovered. However, they were accommodated by the arrival of new nets. More frequent ITN delivery through the school-net program in combination with mass distribution campaigns is essential to maximise ITN effectiveness.

Download Full-text

Assessment of iodine status among school age children and pregnant women of Belarus in 2017–2018

Clinical and experimental thyroidology ◽

10.14341/ket9732 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 14 (3) ◽

pp. 149-155

Author(s):

Tatiana V. Mokhort ◽

Sergei V. Petrenko ◽

Boris Y. Leushev ◽

Ekaterina V. Fedorenko ◽

Natalia D. Kolomiets ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Pregnant Women ◽

Iodine Deficiency ◽

Urinary Iodine ◽

Thyroid Volume ◽

Iodine Concentration ◽

School Age Children ◽

Normative Values ◽

Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽

School Age ◽

Iodine Sufficiency

Background. Despite the measures taken by the Government of Belarus, the problem of iodine deficiency among the population remains actual. Aims. To determine iodine sufficiency in children and pregnant women living in Belarus. Materials and methods. The study included 873 schoolchildren aged 9–12 years of both sexes, of which 650 children were in regular schools, and the remaining children in boarding schools. A separate group consisted of 700 practically healthy pregnant women (during gestation from 16 to 36 weeks). Questioning, determination of urinary iodine concentration and thyroid volume with ultrasound was carried out. Results. Urine iodine median was 191 µg/L in the 873 children in 16 regions of Belarus. Thyroid volume corresponds to the normative values in children. According to the survey, 81% of households used iodized salt, constantly – 46%. Indicator of iodine sufficiency of 700 pregnant women (median urinary iodine concentration was 121 µg /l) is a non-optimal for this population group. Conclusions. Currently adequate iodine supplementation in school age children has been achieved. The prevalence of thyroid gland diseases caused by iodine deficiency in children decreased significantly. In pregnant women iodine supply is still insufficient.

Download Full-text

Serum Iodine Is Correlated with Iodine Intake and Thyroid Function in School-Age Children from a Sufficient-to-Excessive Iodine Intake Area

Journal of Nutrition ◽

10.1093/jn/nxy325 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 149 (6) ◽

pp. 1012-1018 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Tingkai Cui ◽

Wei Wang ◽

Wen Chen ◽

Ziyun Pan ◽

Shu Gao ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Roc Curves ◽

Iodine Intake ◽

School Age Children ◽

School Age ◽

Free Triiodothyronine ◽

Total Iodine ◽

Excessive Iodine ◽

Potential Biomarker ◽

Excessive Iodine Intake ◽

Urine Iodine

ABSTRACT Background An alternative feasible and convenient method of assessing iodine intake is needed. Objective The aim of this study was to examine the utility of serum iodine for assessing iodine intake in children. Methods One blood sample and 2 repeated 24-h urine samples (1-mo interval) were collected from school-age children in Shandong, China. Serum free triiodothyronine (FT3), free thyroxine (FT4), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), thyroglobulin (Tg), total iodine (StI), and non-protein-bound iodine (SnbI) concentrations and urine iodine (UIC) and creatinine (UCr) concentrations were measured. Iodine intake was estimated based on two 24-h urine iodine excretions (24-h UIE). Associations between serum iodine and other factors were analyzed using the Spearman rank correlation test. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to illustrate diagnostic ability of StI and SnbI. Results In total, 1686 children aged 7–14 y were enrolled. The median 24-h UIC for the 2 collections was 385 and 399 μg/L, respectively. The median iodine intake was estimated to be 299 μg/d and was significantly higher in boys than in girls (316 μg/d compared with 283 μg/d; P < 0.001). StI and SnbI were both positively correlated with FT4 (ρ = 0.30, P < 0.001; and ρ = 0.21, P < 0.001), Tg (ρ = 0.21, P < 0.001; and ρ = 0.19, P < 0.001), 24-h UIC (ρ = 0.56, P < 0.001; and ρ = 0.47, P < 0.001), 24-h UIE (ρ = 0.46, P < 0.001; and ρ = 0.49, P < 0.001), urine iodine-to-creatinine ratio (ρ = 0.58, P < 0.001; and ρ = 0.62, P < 0.001), and iodine intake (ρ = 0.49, P < 0.001; and ρ = 0.53, P < 0.001). The areas under the ROC curves for StI and SnbI for the diagnosis of excessive iodine intake in children were 0.76 and 0.77, respectively. The optimal StI and SnbI threshold values for defining iodine excess in children were 101 and 56.2 μg/L, respectively. Conclusions Serum iodine was positively correlated with iodine intake and the serum FT4 concentration in children. It is a potential biomarker for diagnosing excessive iodine intake in children. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02915536.

Download Full-text