Early Japanese contributions to space weather research (1945&#8211;1960)

Abstract. Major contributions by Japanese scientists in the period of 1945 to 1960 are reviewed. This was the period when the foundation of the space weather research was laid by ground-based observations and theoretical research. Important contributions were made on such subjects as equatorial ionosphere in quiet times, tidal wind system in the ionosphere, formation of the F2 layer, VLF propagation above the ionosphere, and precursory phenomena (type IV radio outburst and polar cap absorption) to storms. At the IGY (1957, 1958), research efforts were intensified and new programs in space and Antarctica were initiated. Japanese scientists in this discipline held a tight network for communication and collaboration that has been kept to this day.

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Space weather challenges of the polar cap ionosphere

Journal of Space Weather and Space Climate ◽

10.1051/swsc/2013025 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 3 ◽

pp. A02 ◽

Cited By ~ 69

Author(s):

Jøran Moen ◽

Kjellmar Oksavik ◽

Lucilla Alfonsi ◽

Yvonne Daabakk ◽

Vineenzo Romano ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Space Weather ◽

Polar Cap

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Solving the Space Weather Problem: A 15+ Year Roadmap to Revolutionize Space Weather Research, Protect NASA Space Assets, and Enable Robust Operations

10.1002/essoar.10504254.1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Angelos Vourlidas ◽

Justin Likar ◽

Viacheslav Merkin ◽

Romina Nikoukar ◽

Larry Paxton ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Space Weather ◽

Weather Research

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All-sky-imaging capabilities for ionospheric space weather research using geomagnetic conjugate point observing sites

Advances in Space Research ◽

10.1016/j.asr.2017.07.021 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 61 (7) ◽

pp. 1636-1651 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

C. Martinis ◽

J. Baumgardner ◽

J. Wroten ◽

M. Mendillo

Keyword(s):

Space Weather ◽

Conjugate Point ◽

Weather Research

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Reliable real-time Polar Cap (PC) indices for space weather monitoring and forecasts

Journal of Space Weather and Space Climate ◽

10.1051/swsc/2018031 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 8 ◽

pp. A49 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Peter Stauning

Keyword(s):

Real Time ◽

Space Weather ◽

International Association ◽

Magnetic Activity ◽

Magnetic Data ◽

Polar Cap ◽

International Scientific Community ◽

Order Of Magnitude ◽

General Basis ◽

Index Calculation

The Polar Cap (PC) indices were approved by the International Association for Geomagnetism and Aeromony (IAGA) by Resolution No. 3 (2013) noting that “IAGA … recommends use of the PC index by the international scientific community in its near-real time and definitive forms”. PC indices were made available in 2014 at the web portal http://pcindex.org holding near-real time as well as final index values. The near-real time PC index values are not permanently available. However, analyses of indices on basis of occasional downloads have detected differences between near-real time and final PC indices of up to 3.65 mV/m (Stauning, 2018b, Ann Geophys, 36, 621–631). At such differences, one or the other index may indicate (or hide) strong geomagnetic activity without justification in the actual conditions. The present work has disclosed the cause of observed large differences between real-time and final PC index values in the IAGA-endorsed versions. In addition, anticipated differences are derived on a general basis from the available basic magnetic data by using the index calculation procedures and calibration constants provided by the PC index suppliers. It is shown that corresponding or even larger anomalies are expected to be common during moderate to strong magnetic activity where the near-real time PC indices might otherwise prove very useful for space weather monitoring, e.g., for power grid protection. An alternative real-time PC index derivation scheme described here reduces the excessive differences between real-time and final PC index values by an order of magnitude.

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