scholarly journals Fermat's Theorem -- a Geometrical View

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis Teia

Fermat's Last Theorem questions not only what is a triple, but more importantly, what is an integer in the context of equations of the type $x^n+y^n=z^n$. This paper explores these questions in one, two and three dimensions. It was found that two conditions are required for an integer element to exist in the context of the Pythagoras' theorem in 1D, 2D and 3D. An integer must satisfy the Pythagoras' theorem of the respective dimension -- condition 1. And, it must be completely successfully split into multiple unit scalars -- condition 2. In 1D, the fundamental unit scalar is the line length 1. All integers in 1D satisfy $x+y=z$, and can be decomposed into multiples of the unit line, hence integers exist and can form 1D triples $(x,y,z)$. In 2D, the fundamental unit scalar is the square side 1. Only some groups of integers (called triples) satisfy $x^2+y^2=z^2$, and can be decomposed into multiples of the unit square, forming 2D triples. In 3D, the fundamental unit scalar is the octahedron side 1. The geometry of the 3D Pythagoras' theorem dictates that $x^3+y^3=z^3$ is governed by octahedrons, validating condition 1. However, octahedrons with side length integer cannot be completely divided into unit octahedrons (as tetrahedrons appear), invalidating condition 2. Hence, if integers do not exist in the context of the 3D Pythagoras' theorem, then neither do triples. This confirms Fermat's Last Theorem for three dimensions ($n=3$). The geometrical interdependency between integers in 1D and 2D suggests that all integers of higher dimensions are built, and hence are dependent, on the integers of lower dimensions. This interdependency coupled with the absence of integers in 3D suggests that there are no integers above $n>2$, and therefore there are also no triples that satisfy $x^n+y^n=z^n$ for $n>2$.

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jayaram as

This paper establishes a fundamental equation a^n+b^n=c^n, applicable for any triangle, having a, b and c as the sides with ‘c’ being the longest side and n is a number varying from 1 to infinity. Here, a, b, c and n need not always be integers. It also arrives at a relation between largest angle C (opposite to the longest side ‘c’) and sides of the triangle with the equation given by cosC=(〖(1+r^2)-〖{(1+r^n)}〗^(2/n))/2r, where r= b/a. The paper graphically and mathematically illustrates the relation between the angle C and ‘n’, for different values of ‘n’ and ‘r’ both varying from 1 to infinity. The paper also shows that Pythagoras theorem is a particular case of the above fundamental equation, when n=2. The paper shows that the above fundamental equation is valid even when a, b and c are integers for non-integer values of n>2. This gives a new way of looking at Fermat’s Last Theorem.


Author(s):  
Ramon Carbó-Dorca ◽  
Sebastián Reyes ◽  
Alfonso Niño

AbstractMinkowski natural (N + 1)-dimensional spaces constitute the framework where the extension of Fermat’s last theorem is discussed. Based on empirical experience obtained via computational results, some hints about the extension of Fermat’s theorem from (2 + 1)-dimensional Minkowski spaces to (N + 1)-dimensional ones. Previous experience permits to conjecture that the theorem can be extended in (3 + 1) spaces, new results allow to do the same in (4 + 1) spaces, with an anomaly present here but difficult to find in higher dimensions. In (N + 1) dimensions with $$N > 4$$ N > 4 there appears an increased difficulty to find Fermat vectors, there is discussed a possible source of such an obstacle, separately of the combinatorial explosion associated to the generation of natural vectors of high dimension.


2019 ◽  
Vol 500 (1) ◽  
pp. 531-549 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suzanne Bull ◽  
Joseph A. Cartwright

AbstractThis study shows how simple structural restoration of a discrete submarine landslide lobe can be applied to large-scale, multi-phase examples to identify different phases of slide-lobe development and evaluate their mode of emplacement. We present the most detailed analysis performed to date on a zone of intense contractional deformation, historically referred to as the compression zone, from the giant, multi-phase Storegga Slide, offshore Norway. 2D and 3D seismic data and bathymetry data show that the zone of large-scale (>650 m thick) contractional deformation can be genetically linked updip with a zone of intense depletion across a distance of 135 km. Quantification of depletion and accumulation along a representative dip-section reveals that significant depletion in the proximal region is not accommodated in the relatively mild amount (c. 5%) of downdip shortening. Dip-section restoration indicates a later, separate stage of deformation may have involved removal of a significant volume of material as part of the final stages of the Storegga Slide, as opposed to the minor volumes reported in previous studies.


1986 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan P. Dowling

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