THE LEGAL SIGNIFICANCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL TAXES IN THE REPUBLIC OF CROATIA

The Green Economy in Market-Oriented Countries: The Case of Kazakhstan

Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism ◽

10.14505//jemt.9.5(29).14 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (5) ◽

pp. 1019

Author(s):

Kuralay Orazgalievna NURGALIYEVA ◽

Ainur Uyizbaevna AMIROVA ◽

Akbayan Serikovna NURTAZINOVA

Keyword(s):

Environmental Performance ◽

Former Soviet Union ◽

Environmental Indicators ◽

Green Economy ◽

Soviet Period ◽

Environmental Taxes ◽

Social Market Economy ◽

Market Reforms ◽

Trading Systems ◽

The Republic

A social market economy is predicated on the principle that sustainable development is possible only if there is a solid focus on key economic, social, and environmental issues. The purpose of the research reported in this paper is to explore the outcomes of market reforms related to the shift to a green economy in the Republic of Kazakhstan. The findings from the authors’ study indicate that today the Kazakh economy is one of the world’s most energy-intensive economies, which is due to the use of outmoded infrastructure, technology, and standards, most of which were inherited from as early as the Soviet period. As a result of its market reforms, Kazakhstan has experienced tangible economic growth, but the nation’s environmental indicators remain a serious concern in relation to the health of its citizens. In the Environmental Performance Index (EPI), Kazakhstan has fallen far behind not only most developed market-oriented countries but some of the developing nations that used to be part of the former Soviet Union as well, like Russia, Belarus, Armenia, Turkmenistan, and others. To galvanize the process of shifting to a “green” economy in the Republic of Kazakhstan, it may help to implement some of the new instruments that have been employed as part of environmental policy in certain market-oriented countries and have proven to be efficient. These instruments and approaches include environmental taxes and levies, permit trading systems, deposit return systems, environmentally motivated subsidies, and organizations and enterprises displaying a willing, voluntary attitude toward improving their environmental performance.

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Environmental fee as a part of the environmental taxes system in the Republic of Serbia

Ekonomski signali ◽

10.5937/ekonsig1701041s ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 41-54

Author(s):

Milos Stojanovic

Keyword(s):

Environmental Taxes ◽

The Republic

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Time and Latitude in South Africa

International Astronomical Union Colloquium ◽

10.1017/s0252921100026816 ◽

1972 ◽

Vol 1 ◽

pp. 27-38

Author(s):

J. Hers

Keyword(s):

South Africa ◽

Cape Town ◽

Astronomical Observations ◽

Royal Observatory ◽

The Republic ◽

Astronomical Determination ◽

Limited Accuracy ◽

Better Than

In South Africa the modern outlook towards time may be said to have started in 1948. Both the two major observatories, The Royal Observatory in Cape Town and the Union Observatory (now known as the Republic Observatory) in Johannesburg had, of course, been involved in the astronomical determination of time almost from their inception, and the Johannesburg Observatory has been responsible for the official time of South Africa since 1908. However the pendulum clocks then in use could not be relied on to provide an accuracy better than about 1/10 second, which was of the same order as that of the astronomical observations. It is doubtful if much use was made of even this limited accuracy outside the two observatories, and although there may – occasionally have been a demand for more accurate time, it was certainly not voiced.

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