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Author(s):  
Crystal L. Matt ◽  
Nicola Di Girolamo ◽  
Ruth M. Hallman ◽  
Keith L. Bailey ◽  
Timothy J. O’Connell ◽  
...  

Abstract OBJECTIVE To determine the prevalence of pectoral girdle fractures in wild passerines found dead following presumed window collision and evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of various radiographic views for diagnosis of pectoral girdle fractures. SAMPLE Cadavers of 103 wild passerines that presumptively died as a result of window collisions. PROCEDURES Seven radiographic projections (ventrodorsal, dorsoventral, lateral, and 4 oblique views) were obtained for each cadaver. A necropsy was then performed, and each bone of the pectoral girdle (coracoid, clavicle, and scapula) was evaluated for fractures. Radiographs were evaluated in a randomized order by a blinded observer, and results were compared with results of necropsy. RESULTS Fifty-six of the 103 (54%) cadavers had ≥ 1 pectoral girdle fracture. Overall accuracy of using individual radiographic projections to diagnose pectoral girdle fractures ranged from 63.1% to 72.8%, sensitivity ranged from 21.3% to 51.1%, and specificity ranged from 85.7% to 100.0%. The sensitivity of using various combinations of radiographic projections to diagnose pectoral girdle fractures ranged from 51.1% to 66.0%; specificity ranged from 76.8% to 96.4%. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Radiography alone appeared to have limited accuracy for diagnosing fractures of the bones of the pectoral girdle in wild passerines after collision with a window. Both individual radiographic projections and combinations of projections resulted in numerous false negative but few false positive results.


2021 ◽  
Vol 163 (1) ◽  
pp. 33
Author(s):  
Petr Zavada ◽  
Karel Píška

Abstract The occurrence of multiple stars, dominantly binaries, is studied using the Gaia-ESA DR2 catalog. We apply the optimized statistical method that we previously developed for the analysis of 2D patterns. The field of stars is divided into a mosaic of small pieces that represent a statistical set for analysis. Specifically, data input is represented by a grid of circles (events) with radius 0.°02 covering the sky in the field of galactic latitude ∣b∣ > 25°. The criteria for selecting candidates for multiple stars are based on two parameters: angular separation and collinearity of proper motion. Radial separation, due to limited accuracy, is used only as a weaker supplementary constraint. Due attention is paid to the accurate calculation of the background, which is a necessary input for evaluating the quality of the candidates. Our selection algorithm generates the catalog of candidates: 900,842 binaries, 5282 trinaries, and 30 quaternaries.


Author(s):  
Moushira Abdallah Mohamed Ahmed ◽  
Shuhui Wu ◽  
Laure Deveriane Dushime ◽  
Yuanhong Tao

The emerging of shuffle model has attracted considerable attention of scientists owing to his unique properties in solving the privacy problems in federated learning, specifically the trade off problem between privacy and utility in central and local model. Where, the central model relies on a trusted server which collects users’ raw data and then perturbs it. While in the local model all users perturb their data locally then they send their perturbed data to server. Both models have pron and con. The server in central model enjoys with high accuracy but the users suffer from insufficient privacy in contrast, the local model which provides sufficient privacy at users’ side but the server suffers from limited accuracy. Shuffle model has advanced property of hide position of input messages by perturbing it with perturbation π. Therefore, the scientists considered on adding shuffle model between users and servers to make the server untrusted where the users communicate with the server through the shuffle and boosting the privacy by adding perturbation π for users’ messages without increasing the noise level. Consequently, the usage of modified technique differential privacy federated learning with shuffle model will explores the gap between privacy and accuracy in both models. So this new model attracted many researchers in recent work. In this review, we initiate the analytic learning of a shuffled model for distributed differentially private mechanisms. We focused on the role of shuffle model for solving the problem between privacy and accuracy by summarizing the recent researches about shuffle model and its practical results. Furthermore, we present two types of shuffle, single shuffle and m shuffles with the statistical analysis for each one in boosting the privacy amplification of users with the same level of accuracy by reasoning the practical results of recent papers.


2021 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 644-650
Author(s):  
Heidi L. Lujan ◽  
Stephen E. DiCarlo

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is a key index of renal function. The classic method for assessing GFR is the clearance of inulin. Several current methods using isotopic (125I-iothalamate, 51Cr-EDTA, or 99Tc-DTPA) or nonisotopic (iohexol or iothalamate) markers are available. Clinically, GFR is estimated (eGFR) from serum creatinine or cystatin C levels. Estimated GFR based on creatinine and/or cystatin are less accurate than measured GFR. The creatinine-based equations calculate higher eGFR values (suggesting better kidney function) for black individuals. This upward adjustment for all black individuals is embedded in eGFR calculations on the belief of higher serum creatinine concentrations among black individuals than among white individuals. Thus “race-corrected” eGFR has become a widely accepted and scientifically valid procedure. However, race is not a genetic or biological category. Rather, race is a social construction defined by region-specific cultural and historical ideas. Furthermore, there is no accepted scientific method for classifying people as black or white individuals. Studies typically rely on self-identification of race. However, any person in the United States with any known black ancestry is considered to be a black individual. This is known as the “one-drop rule,” meaning that a single drop of “black blood” makes anyone a black individual. It does not matter if an individual has 50%, 25%, 5%, or 0.5% African ancestry. The limited accuracy and reliability of this approach would not be allowed for any other scientific variable. Admixture and migration have produced such broad variations that race categories should not be used as experimental variables.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oluwasegun Cornelious Omobolanle ◽  
Oluwatoyin Olakunle Akinsete

Abstract Accurate prediction of gas compressibility factor is essential for the evaluation of gas reserves, custody transfer and design of surface equipment. Gas compressibility factor (Z) also known as gas deviation factor can be evaluated by experimental measurement, equation of state and empirical correlation. However, these methods have been known to be expensive, complex and of limited accuracy owing to the varying operating conditions and the presence of non-hydrocarbon components in the gas stream. Recently, newer correlations with extensive application over wider range of operating conditions and crude mixtures have been developed. Also, artificial intelligence is now being deployed in the evaluation of gas compressibility factor. There is therefore a need for a holistic understanding of gas compressibility factor vis-a-vis the cause-effect relations of deviation. This paper presents a critical review of current understanding and recent efforts in the estimation of gas deviation factor.


2021 ◽  
Vol 263 (6) ◽  
pp. 314-322
Author(s):  
Gijsjan van Blokland ◽  
Luc Goubert

TC227 of CEN has developed a method to determine the effect of the road pavement on the sound emission of road vehicles. The proposed methods can be applied to define the acoustic label value of a generic or proprietary pavement type, to check compliance of a pavement with the specifications for that pavement type and to monitor the development of the acoustic properties over the lifetime of the product. With the procedure one can additionally derive the coefficients for the pavement correc tion in the noise emission formulae for road vehicles in the CNOSSOS-EU calculation model. The application of the method exhibits a limited accuracy. The paper investigates the sources of uncertainty of the standardized method and combine the contributions into a single overall uncertainty according to the procedures laid down in Guide 98-3 of ISO. The uncertainty is determined for each of the listed application areas. From the uncertainty analysis the major contributions are identified. Improvement of the method shall focus on only these contributions.


2021 ◽  
Vol 263 (2) ◽  
pp. 4312-4321
Author(s):  
Shota Suda ◽  
Akiko Sugahara ◽  
Yasuhiro Hiraguri ◽  
Kazunori Harada ◽  
Takuya Oshima ◽  
...  

Population exposure has been used in the risk assessment process for environmental noise. The number of inhabitants is essential data for the evaluation of population exposure. However, such data is not opened to the public to prevent privacy violation. There are several existing methods for the estimation of the number of habitants, but only with limited accuracy. The purpose of this study is to propose a more accurate method for estimating the number of inhabitants using web scraping techniques and numerical maps issued by the Geospatial Information Authority of Japan. The number of inhabitants is estimated from the number of households and the census. The number of households is calculated based on the total number of housing that is extracted from using web scraping techniques. The proposed method is found to present a better accuracy of the number of inhabitants for the detached houses while the estimation for apartment houses should be still improved.


Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (14) ◽  
pp. 3570
Author(s):  
Sergio Occhipinti ◽  
Giulio Mengozzi ◽  
Marco Oderda ◽  
Andrea Zitella ◽  
Luca Molinaro ◽  
...  

Serum prostatic specific antigen (PSA) has proven to have limited accuracy in early diagnosis and in making clinical decisions about different therapies for prostate cancer (PCa). This is partially due to the fact that an increase in PSA in the blood is due to the compromised architecture of the prostate, which is only observed in advanced cancer. On the contrary, PSA observed in the urine (uPSA) reflects the quantity produced by the prostate, and therefore can give more information about the presence of disease. We enrolled 574 men scheduled for prostate biopsy at the urology clinic, and levels of uPSA were evaluated. uPSA levels resulted lower among subjects with PCa when compared to patients with negative biopsies. An indirect correlation was observed between uPSA amount and the stage of disease. Loss of expression of PSA appears as a characteristic of prostate cancer development and its evaluation in urine represents an interesting approach for the early detection of the disease and the stratification of patients.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jin H. Bae ◽  
Ruolin Liu ◽  
Erica Nguyen ◽  
Justin Rhoades ◽  
Timothy Blewett ◽  
...  

Detecting mutations as rare as a single molecule is crucial in many fields such as cancer diagnostics and aging research but remains challenging. Third generation sequencers can read a double-stranded DNA molecule (a 'single duplex') in whole to identify true mutations on both strands apart from false mutations on either strand but with limited accuracy and throughput. Although next generation sequencing (NGS) can track dissociated strands with Duplex Sequencing, the need to sequence each strand independently severely diminishes its throughput. Here, we developed a hybrid method called Concatenating Original Duplex for Error Correction (CODEC) that combines the massively parallel nature of NGS with the single-molecule capability of third generation sequencing. CODEC physically links both strands to enable NGS to sequence a single duplex with a single read pair. By comparing CODEC and Duplex Sequencing, we showed that CODEC achieved a similar error rate (10-6) with 100 times fewer reads and conferred 'single duplex' resolution to most major NGS workflows.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
MICHAEL SKUHERSKY ◽  
Tailin Wu ◽  
Eviatar Yemini ◽  
Edward Boyden ◽  
Max Tegmark

Determining cell identity in volumetric images of tagged neuronal nuclei is an ongoing challenge in contemporary neuroscience. Frequently, cell identity is determined by aligning and matching tags to an "atlas" of labeled neuronal positions and other identifying characteristics. Previous analyses of such C. elegans datasets have been hampered by the limited accuracy of such atlases, especially for neurons present in the ventral nerve cord, and also by time-consuming manual elements of the alignment process. We present a novel automated alignment method for sparse and incomplete point clouds of the sort resulting from typical C. elegans fluorescence microscopy datasets. This method involves a tunable learning parameter and a kernel that enforces biologically realistic deformation. We also present a pipeline for creating alignment atlases from datasets of the recently developed NeuroPAL transgene. In combination, these advances allow us to label neurons in volumetric images with confidence much higher than previous methods. We release, to the best of our knowledge, the most complete C. elegans 3D positional neuron atlas, encapsulating positional variability derived from 7 animals, for the purposes of cell-type identity prediction for myriad applications (e.g., imaging neuronal activity, gene expression, and cell-fate).


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