scholarly journals A Formal Analysis of the French Temporal Connective alors

2009 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Myriam Bras ◽  
Anne Le Draoulec ◽  
Nicolas Asher
Keyword(s):  
Representation Theory ◽  
Causal Relation ◽  
Contextual Information ◽  
Formal Analysis ◽  
Temporal Relation ◽  
Strong Result ◽  
Linguistic Markers ◽  
Inferential Relation ◽  
Weak Result

This paper presents an analysis of the French adverbial alors (then, at that time, so). Among the linguistic markers that establish a temporal relation between the eventualities introduced by two clauses, we define as \textit{temporal connectives} those that introduce at the same time some sort of discourse relation. We argue that alors can be such a connective. Within the framework of Segmented Discourse Representation Theory, our investigation concerning the discourse information conveyed by sentence initial alors reveals at least three sorts of relations close to the Result relation of SDRT. Alors alone conveys a weak causal relation, which we formalize using Lewis’ counterfactual, and encode in the discourse relation Weak-Result. We distinguish it from Strong-Result, which is inferred when lexical or other contextual information suggests a causal, discursive link. We also show that alors can, when Weak-Result is blocked, suggest an inferential relation, which we express using the weak conditional already present in SDRT.

scholarly journals An Analysis of Conjunctive Relations Found on Oprah Winfrey’s Speech at Spelman University

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tutut Setyaningrum ◽  
Dias Andris Susanto
Keyword(s):  
Causal Relation ◽  
Temporal Relation ◽  
Oprah Winfrey ◽  
Dominant Type ◽  
Causal Relations ◽  
Qualitative Design ◽  
Additive Relation

This study is focused on the Conjunctive Relations found in Oprah Winfrey's speech. In this case, conjunctive relations were analyzed through how Oprah Winfrey realized them. The objectives of this study were (1) to find out types of conjunctive relations found on Oprah Winfrey's speech (2) to find out the dominant type of conjunctive relations found on Oprah Winfrey's speech and what is that mean. To reach those two objectives, the writer used both Halliday and J. R. Martin's theory. There are two categories of conjunction namely external and internal conjunction. Later on, those two categories classified themselves into four types of relations namely additive relation, adversative relation, causal relation, and temporal relation. This study used qualitative design because it is framed in terms of using words instead of numbers. The result showed that there were 106 clauses with conjunctions in Oprah's speech. The internal conjunction found were about 52 clauses, while the external conjunction found were about 16 clauses. Both external and internal conjunction was dominated by the causal relation. The causal relation indicated that Oprah Winfrey used a lot of reasoning because causal relations made her able to convince the audience to believe with her statements. Furthermore, causal relation made her speech seems natural, influential, and emotionally convincing to the hearer.

scholarly journals An Analysis of Conjunctive Relations Found on Oprah Winfrey’s Speech at Spelman University

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tutut Setyaningrum ◽  
Dias Andris Susanto
Keyword(s):  
Causal Relation ◽  
Temporal Relation ◽  
Oprah Winfrey ◽  
Dominant Type ◽  
Causal Relations ◽  
Qualitative Design ◽  
Additive Relation

This study is focused on the Conjunctive Relations found in Oprah Winfrey's speech. In this case, conjunctive relations were analyzed through how Oprah Winfrey realized them. The objectives of this study were (1) to find out types of conjunctive relations found on Oprah Winfrey's speech (2) to find out the dominant type of conjunctive relations found on Oprah Winfrey's speech and what is that mean. To reach those two objectives, the writer used both Halliday and J. R. Martin's theory. There are two categories of conjunction namely external and internal conjunction. Later on, those two categories classified themselves into four types of relations namely additive relation, adversative relation, causal relation, and temporal relation. This study used qualitative design because it is framed in terms of using words instead of numbers. The result showed that there were 106 clauses with conjunctions in Oprah's speech. The internal conjunction found were about 52 clauses, while the external conjunction found were about 16 clauses. Both external and internal conjunction was dominated by the causal relation. The causal relation indicated that Oprah Winfrey used a lot of reasoning because causal relations made her able to convince the audience to believe with her statements. Furthermore, causal relation made her speech seems natural, influential, and emotionally convincing to the hearer.

Constraining aspectual composition

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Flouraki
Keyword(s):  
Contextual Information ◽  
Formal Analysis ◽  
Semantic Representations ◽  
Grammatical Aspect ◽  
Modern Greek ◽  
Close Interaction ◽  
Verbal Predicate ◽  
Selection Restrictions

In Modern Greek there is a rich aspectual system, which involves both morphologically expressed grammatical aspect and eventuality types, carried primarily by the meaning of the verbal predicate. Particular emphasis is paid to the interaction between grammatical aspect and eventuality types, since it is due to this interaction that the verbal predicate acquires distinct meanings. In order to explain potential changes in the meaning of the eventualities caused by the interaction with grammatical aspect, I propose a formal analysis within HPSG, using Minimal Recursion Semantics (MRS) for the semantic representations. Following the MRS architecture, I introduce a number of relations, which represent both grammatical aspect and eventuality types. The close interaction between grammatical aspect and eventuality types triggers special meanings which traditionally can be explained by inserting contextual information into the representations. In this paper, I argue against such an analysis, providing an alternative which is based on the introduction of subeventual templates formulated by Michaelis (2003) and Pustejovsky (1995). In this context, grammatical aspect combines with eventuality types and selects eventualities or subeventualities appropriate to its selection restrictions, using information that is already there in the denotation of the eventualities.

Representation Theory and Harmonic Analysis of Wreath Products of Finite Groups

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tullio Ceccherini-Silberstein ◽  
Fabio Scarabotti ◽  
Filippo Tolli
Keyword(s):  
Representation Theory ◽  
Harmonic Analysis ◽  
Finite Groups ◽  
Wreath Products

Moving beyond the “LDL hypothesis”

VASA ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 44 (5) ◽  
pp. 333-340 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Werner ◽  
Ulrich Laufs
Keyword(s):  
Ldl Cholesterol ◽  
Causal Relation ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Clinical Trial Data ◽  
Randomised Clinical Trial ◽  
Trial Data ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
Statin Drug

Abstract. Summary: The term “LDL hypothesis” is frequently used to describe the association of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-cholesterol, LDL-C) and cardiovascular (CV) events. Recent data from genetic studies prove a causal relation between serum LDL-C and CV events. These data are in agreement with mechanistic molecular studies and epidemiology. New randomised clinical trial data show that LDL-C lowering with statins and a non-statin drug, ezetimibe, reduces CV events. We therefore believe that the “LDL-hypothesis” has been proven; the term appears to be outdated and should be replaced by “LDL causality”.

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