Discipline, Community, and Conformity

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
John M. Chenoweth
Keyword(s):  
Virgin Islands ◽  
Social Mechanisms ◽  
Archaeological Evidence ◽  
British Virgin Islands ◽  
Fault Lines ◽  
The Way

Every group has standards of action which are enforced through various social mechanisms. Quakerism’s greatest punishment was “disownment” or the expelling of a member from the group, but this was the result of a sometimes long process of “treating” with errant members. While this structure was common, the particular crimes which occasioned such procedures and the way they were prosecuted were very much local. Alcohol and tobacco are frequently understood as “sinful” in historical archaeological works but chapter 6 complicates this picture, exploring the roles of these substances in the British Virgin Islands (BVI). The chapter also considers the way the “discipline” was and was not applied in the BVI, and continues to trace a series of fault lines within the BVI Quaker community arising from disagreements over priorities and perspectives. The written record is evaluated here, and it is argued that it must be seen as the product of only part of this community which is, in part, countered by archaeological evidence.

Contexts

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
John M. Chenoweth
Keyword(s):  
Virgin Islands ◽  
Archaeological Evidence ◽  
British Virgin Islands ◽  
Caribbean Islands ◽  
Social Forms ◽  
European Settlement ◽  
Agricultural Potential ◽  
Archaeological Work ◽  
History Of

Chapter 2 provides a history of the British Virgin Islands (BVI) themselves and how their unusual place in the colonial process produced a more isolated, poorer set of white colonists than many other Caribbean islands. The marginal agricultural potential of the BVI left them uncolonized longer than most islands and European settlement began there in a haphazard way, with no formal government, church, or other institutions. This left the settlers free to experiment with new social forms, such as Quakerism, the arrival of which is also recounted here. But this isolation also posed challenges and left them in precarious positions. This chapter also introduces the Lettsom family who will be the focus for the study along with their island of Little Jost van Dyke, before describing the archaeological work undertaken to address the project’s questions. The remainder of the volume takes up the themes of simplicity, equality, and peace, shifting between written and archaeological evidence to understand how BVI Quakers understood and enacted these ideas differently than Quakers elsewhere.

New species of leaf-mining Nepticulidae (Lepidoptera) from the Neotropical and Ando-Patagonian regions, with new data on host plants

Zootaxa ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 4272 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
JONAS R. STONIS ◽  
ANDRIUS REMEIKIS ◽  
ARŪNAS DIŠKUS ◽  
NICK MEGORAN
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Virgin Islands ◽  
Distribution Map ◽  
Leaf Miners ◽  
New Host ◽  
British Virgin Islands ◽  
Leaf Mining ◽  
Plant Data ◽  
First Time

The paper treats fifteen species of leaf-mining pygmy moths (Insecta, Lepidoptera, Nepticulidae) discovered in the Neotropics (British Virgin Islands, Belize, Costa Rica, Venezuela, and Ecuador), and Ando-Patagonian region (Argentina and Chile). Except for two species, all belong to Stigmella Schrank. Twelve species are new, and are named and described in the current paper: Stigmella apicibrunella Diškus & Stonis, sp. nov.; S. decora Diškus & Stonis, sp. nov.; S. unicaudata Remeikis & Stonis, sp. nov.; S. sanmartini Remeikis & Stonis, sp. nov.; S. patula Remeikis & Stonis, sp. nov.; S. torosa Remeikis & Stonis, sp. nov.; S. monstrata Remeikis & Stonis, sp. nov.; S. huahumi Remeikis & Stonis, sp. nov.; S. venezuelica Remeikis & Stonis, sp. nov.; S. virginica Remeikis & Stonis, sp. nov.; Fomoria miranda Diškus & Stonis, sp. nov.; and Hesperolyra robinsoni Stonis, sp. n. Newly discovered variation of male genitalia of the Andean Stigmella rudis Puplesis & Robinson, 2000 is briefly discussed, and the formerly poorly understood Stigmella hylomaga (Meyrick, 1931) is redescribed and documented with photographs for the first time. We also present more photographs and add some addtional information on Stigmella gallicola van Nieukerken & Nishida, a recently described gall-maker from Costa Rica.The paper also provides new host-plant data: some of the described (or redescribed) species are reported for the first time as leaf-miners on plants belonging to Euphorbiaceae (Acalypha padifolia Kunth), Salicaceae (Azara microphylla Hook. f.), Fabaceae (Inga spectabilis (Vahl) Willd. or I. edulis Mart.), Rhamnaceae (Colletia spinosissima J. F. Gmel.), Geraniaceae or Vivianiaceae (Rhynchotheca spinosa Ruiz & Pav.), and Asteraceae (Mutisia decurrens Cav.). All species treated in the paper are illustrated with photographs of the adults and genitalia, a distribution map, and also photographs of the leaf-mines and host plants when available.

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