SummaryImmunotherapy is a treatment for many types of cancer, primarily due to deep and durable clinical responses mediated by immune checkpoint blockade (ICB)1, 2. Prostate cancer is a notable exception in that it is generally unresponsive to ICB. The standard treatment for advanced prostate cancer is androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT), a form of castration (CTX). ADT is initially effective, but over time patients eventually develop castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Here, we focused on defining tumor-cell intrinsic factors that contribute to prostate cancer progression and resistance to immunotherapy. We analyzed cancer cells isolated from castration-sensitive and castration-resistant prostate tumors, and discovered that castration resulted in significant secretion of Interleukin-8 (IL-8) and it’s likely murine homolog Cxcl15. These chemokines drove subsequent intra-tumoral infiltration with polymorphonuclear myeloid-derived suppressor cells (PMN-MDSCs), promoting tumor progression. PMN-MDSC infiltration was abrogated when IL-8 was deleted from prostate cancer epithelial cells using CRISPR/Cas9, or when PMN-MDSC migration was blocked with antibodies against the IL-8 receptor CXCR2. Blocking PMN-MDSC infiltration in combination with anti-CTLA-4 delayed the onset of castration resistance and increased the density of polyfunctional CD8 T cells in tumors. Taken together, our findings establish castration-mediated IL-8 secretion and subsequent PMN-MDSC infiltration as a key suppressive mechanism in the progression of prostate cancer. Targeting of the IL-8/CXCR2 axis around the time of ADT, in combination with ICB, represents a novel therapeutic approach to delay prostate cancer progression to advanced disease.
Downregulation of LOX promotes castration-resistant prostate cancer progression via IGFBP3
