On (ρ,q)-Euler numbers and polynomials associated with (ρ,q)-Volkenborn integrals

Recently, Araci et al. introduced [Formula: see text]-analogue of the Haar distribution and by means of the distribution, they constructed [Formula: see text]-Volkenborn integral yielding to Carlitz-type [Formula: see text]-Bernoulli numbers and polynomials. The aim of the present paper is to introduce a generalization of the fermionic [Formula: see text]-adic measure based on [Formula: see text]-integers and set the corresponding integral to this measure. Consequently, Carlitz-type [Formula: see text]-Euler polynomials and numbers are defined in terms of the above mentioned integral. Moreover, some of their identities and properties are established.

The Clifford group forms a unitary 3-design

Unitary k-designs are finite ensembles of unitary matrices that approximate the Haar distribution over unitary matrices. Several ensembles are known to be 2-designs, including the uniform distribution over the Clifford group, but no family of ensembles was previously known to form a 3-design. We prove that the Clifford group is a 3-design, showing that it is a better approximation to Haar-random unitaries than previously expected. Our proof strategy works for any distribution of unitaries satisfying a property we call Pauli 2-mixing and proceeds without the use of heavy mathematical machinery. We also show that the Clifford group does not form a 4-design, thus characterizing how well random Clifford elements approximate Haar-random unitaries. Additionally, we show that the generalized Clifford group for qudits is not a 3-design unless the dimension of the qudit is a power of 2.