Attitude importance, more than extremity, predicts costly intergroup behavior

Which features of attitudes toward minoritized racial out-groups best predict majority-group members’ costly behaviors? Social attitudes research has typically measured the extremity of social group valence—ranging from negative to positive—to predict intergroup behavior, assuming that people with more extreme evaluations toward social out-groups will engage more in behaviors that affect those out-groups. But this assumption is simplistic: many people make strongly-valenced statements—e.g., posting a message in support of racial justice on social media—without engaging in corresponding actions—e.g., participating in a racial justice protest. To explain this disconnect, we investigate an additional feature of social group attitudes, subjective attitude importance, as a competing predictor of engagement in costly intergroup behaviors. Across three studies, we find that when White respondents rate their attitudes toward minoritized racial out-groups as more important to them, they are more likely to give up money in order to prevent prejudiced norm signaling (Study 1), preserve their own reputations (Study 2), and affect a charitable donation to an ethnic out-group- supporting nonprofit (Study 3). By contrast, respondents’ attitude valence extremity was consistently a worse predictor of behavioral engagement than attitude importance. Our results suggest that including attitude importance measures in future social group attitude research would help better predict both supportive and discriminatory behaviors toward minoritized groups amid the ongoing racial and social justice movements.

Дефекты и некоторые физические свойства номинально чистых и легированных цинком кристаллов ниобата лития

The features of defect structure and their influence on the properties of LiNbO3:Zn crystals, doped in a wide concentration range, including two concentration thresholds (at ~ 3.0 and ~ 6.8 mol. % ZnO in the melt), were studied by absorption IR spectroscopy in the region of OH--group valence vibrations, photoluminescence in the visible region of the spectrum, and photoinduced light scattering. In LiNbO3:Zn(0.004-2.01 mol. % ZnO) crystals the increase of zinc concentration led to increasing in the OH--group concentration and decreasing the luminescence intensity of luminescence centers associated with NbLi defects. Apparently, the latter was connected with the formation of small energy levels near the bottom of the conduction band as the zinc atoms displaced niobium atoms from the lithium positions in the ideal structure and the NbLi defect concentration decreased, respectively. In highly doped LiNbO3:Zn crystals (4.46-6.5 mol. % ZnO) and in the LiNbO3stoich(6.0 wt. % K2O) crystal there were lower OH--group concentration, the increase of band gap by 0.3-0.4 eV, and the increase of luminescence intensity in the green region of the spectrum due to the formation of new recombination channels compared to weakly doped crystals. In addition, in such crystals, the increase of proton conductivity was observed due to increasing in the concentration of interstitial hydrogen H+ and, as a result, the formation of many small acceptor levels near the valence band.