The king, the crusader and the human Louis IX according to Joinville – values and emotions

In Jean de Joinville’s text Vie de Saint Louis around King Louis IX’s personality several emotional communities are formed. The most important of them unifies the crusaders of the Seventh Crusade in Egypt. The values in that emotional community are related to King Louis IX’s qualities. Some smaller emotional communities are formed around the king including mainly his interlocutors. The dialogs with the king mentioned in the text and Louis IX’s exploits described by Joinville illustrate the qualities as well as the emotions of the king-crusader as a human and a saint. The personality of Louis IX possesses according to Joinville’s text specific emotionality different from the traditional stereotypes.

Jean de Joinville and the Old French rhotic consonant

Based on textual evidence from Jean de Joinville’s Vie de saint Louis, this article argues that the Old French rhotic consonant /r/ had a dorsal pronunciation for at least some groups of medieval Francophones. This argument counters the prevailing view that medieval French /r/ was uniformly apical, and that the now-standard dorsal pronunciation only emerged in the early modern period. The article then develops the hypothesis that dorsal /r/ came into Old French as a result of Germanic influence, and not as a spontaneous development. For this purpose, it first surveys the current state of the debate about the origins of dorsal /r/ in the Germanic languages and evaluates the merits of its principal arguments in the light of Joinville’s testimony. The article then advances a sociolinguistic argument in favor of the Germanic-origins hypothesis. Using the available evidence for the interactions between Germanic- and Romance-speakers at the dawn of the written French language, it proposes that Carolingian-era nobles who were native speakers of Franconian dialects brought this pronunciation of /r/ into Old French, and that this sound subsequently persisted in some Old French aristocratic speech as part of a prestige accent.