Direct coordination of pterin to FeII enables neurotransmitter biosynthesis in the pterin-dependent hydroxylases

The pterin-dependent nonheme iron enzymes hydroxylate aromatic amino acids to perform the biosynthesis of neurotransmitters to maintain proper brain function. These enzymes activate oxygen using a pterin cofactor and an aromatic amino acid substrate bound to the FeII active site to form a highly reactive FeIV = O species that initiates substrate oxidation. In this study, using tryptophan hydroxylase, we have kinetically generated a pre-FeIV = O intermediate and characterized its structure as a FeII-peroxy-pterin species using absorption, Mössbauer, resonance Raman, and nuclear resonance vibrational spectroscopies. From parallel characterization of the pterin cofactor and tryptophan substrate–bound ternary FeII active site before the O2 reaction (including magnetic circular dichroism spectroscopy), these studies both experimentally define the mechanism of FeIV = O formation and demonstrate that the carbonyl functional group on the pterin is directly coordinated to the FeII site in both the ternary complex and the peroxo intermediate. Reaction coordinate calculations predict a 14 kcal/mol reduction in the oxygen activation barrier due to the direct binding of the pterin carbonyl to the FeII site, as this interaction provides an orbital pathway for efficient electron transfer from the pterin cofactor to the iron center. This direct coordination of the pterin cofactor enables the biological function of the pterin-dependent hydroxylases and demonstrates a unified mechanism for oxygen activation by the cofactor-dependent nonheme iron enzymes.

Evaluation of a concerted vs. sequential oxygen activation mechanism in α-ketoglutarate–dependent nonheme ferrous enzymes

Determining the requirements for efficient oxygen (O2) activation is key to understanding how enzymes maintain efficacy and mitigate unproductive, often detrimental reactivity. For the α-ketoglutarate (αKG)–dependent nonheme iron enzymes, both a concerted mechanism (both cofactor and substrate binding prior to reaction with O2) and a sequential mechanism (cofactor binding and reaction with O2 precede substrate binding) have been proposed. Deacetoxycephalosporin C synthase (DAOCS) is an αKG-dependent nonheme iron enzyme for which both of these mechanisms have been invoked to generate an intermediate that catalyzes oxidative ring expansion of penicillin substrates in cephalosporin biosynthesis. Spectroscopy shows that, in contrast to other αKG-dependent enzymes (which are six coordinate when only αKG is bound to the FeII), αKG binding to FeII-DAOCS results in ∼45% five-coordinate sites that selectively react with O2 relative to the remaining six-coordinate sites. However, this reaction produces an FeIII species that does not catalyze productive ring expansion. Alternatively, simultaneous αKG and substrate binding to FeII-DAOCS produces five-coordinate sites that rapidly react with O2 to form an FeIV=O intermediate that then reacts with substrate to produce cephalosporin product. These results demonstrate that the concerted mechanism is operative in DAOCS and by extension, other nonheme iron enzymes.

Structural analysis of cofactor binding for a prolyl 4-hydroxylase from the pathogenic bacteriumBacillus anthracis

The prolyl 4-hydroxylases (P4Hs) are mononuclear nonheme iron enzymes that catalyze the formation of 4R-hydroxyproline from many different substrates, with various biological implications. P4H is a key player in collagen accumulation, which has implications in fibrotic disorders. The stabilization of collagen triple-helical structureviaprolyl hydroxylation is the rate-limiting step in collagen biosynthesis, and therefore P4H has been extensively investigated as a potential therapeutic target of fibrotic disease. Understanding how these enzymes recognize cofactors and substrates is important and will aid in the future design of inhibitors of P4H. In this article, X-ray crystal structures of a metallocofactor- and α-ketoglutarate (αKG)-bound form of P4H fromBacillus anthracis(BaP4H) are reported. Structures of BaP4H were solved at 1.63 and 2.35 Å resolution and contained a cadmium ion and αKG bound in the active site. The αKG–Cd–BaP4H ternary complex reveals conformational changes of conserved residues upon the binding of metal ion and αKG, resulting in a closed active-site configuration required for dioxygen, substrate binding and catalysis.