Intraspecies and age polymorphism of Norway spruce (Picea Abies (L.) Karst.) in conditions of the Vologda region

Objects of study are located in the southern taiga subzone of the European North and presented by spruce stands of wood sorrel types of site conditions with mixed stands. Lying of test areas was carried out in young stands, middle-aged, maturing and mature forests on the territory of Griazovets district of Vologda Region. Nature of bark structure at breast height, type of branching on twigs growing up in the middle of the crowns was determined. Processing of tree descriptions was performed on all study objects where 4 types of spruce were recorded by the nature of the structure of bark. By type of branches presence of three forms of spruce were defined.

D-Tree Substitution Grammars

There is considerable interest among computational linguists in lexicalized grammatical frameworks; lexicalized tree adjoining grammar (LTAG) is one widely studied example. In this paper, we investigate how derivations in LTAG can be viewed not as manipulations of trees but as manipulations of tree descriptions. Changing the way the lexicalized formalism is viewed raises questions as to the desirability of certain aspects of the formalism. We present a new formalism, d-tree substitution grammar (DSG). Derivations in DSG involve the composition of d-trees, special kinds of tree descriptions. Trees are read off from derived d-trees. We show how the DSG formalism, which is designed to inherit many of the characterestics of LTAG, can be used to express a variety of linguistic analyses not available in LTAG.