SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF THE SPECIES OF THE GENUS QUERCUS L. IN THE ARBORETUM HERBARIUM OF THE UNIVERSITY

The results of the analysis of Quercus L. species stored in the herbarium of the Department of Botany and Plant Physiology of Federal State Budget Educational Institution of Higher Education VSUFT (Voronezh) are presented. This herbarium of historical plant collections of the genus Quercus L. is critical for tracking changes in the genus, including the introduction and distribution of species. We examined the belonging of the species to systematic units – subgenus, section, subsection, row, using the traditional classification and the updated intrageneric classification of oaks. Information about the life form, plant height, date and place of collection of the specimen was recorded. We entered information into the database, which will further simplify the work on registration, revision of the herbarium fund and when replenishing herbarium specimens. Conclusions were drawn based on the results of the workabout changes in the taxonomic nature and phylogenetic relationships of species in Quercus L. genus

MODELING THE CLASSIFICATION FEATURES OF FOREST RAKE

Work on the collection and raking of chopped residues in the territories of linear infrastructure facilities is often carried out by specialized equipment in-stalled on tractors or multifunctional machines and called «Forest rakes», moreover, the specified equipment can be classified according to a number of characteristics. Taking into account the significant influence of the subjective component identified by the author, which has an impact on the direct assignment of classified forest rakes to one or another element of the corresponding classification series, the purpose of the study was to develop a mathematical model for the classification of technical means for collecting and raking up chopped residues. The author substantiated the initial boundary conditions and presented a mathematical model for the formation of a visualized volume of distribution of the main design parameters of a forest rake, the values of the criterion of the density of the distribution of teeth of the means of mechanization of removal of cut residues, as well as the criterion of the specific width of these technical means, examples of the classification distribution of forest rake models according to the specified criteria are given, the assumptions and explanations for the considered mathematical model are stated, which makes it possible to carry out an objective classification of the means of mechanization of collection and raking of chopped residues, formulated conclusions based on the results of the study conducted by the authors

MOLECULAR-GENETIC ANALYSIS OF PROPAGATED IN VITRO CLONES OF POPULUS ALBA L. AND POPULUS TREMULA L. USING MICROSATELLITE MARKERS

Use of planting material of forest trees with improved hereditary characteristics is one of the ways to increase the productivity and biological stability of forest stands. It requires taking measures to develop and improve selection base using modern approaches and methods of genetics and biotechnology. A molecular genetics assessment of clone plants of aspen (Populus tremula L.) and white poplar (Populus alba L.) from a long-term in vitro collection (up to 24 years), planted in a greenhouse and field conditions (nursery), was carried out. SSR loci of the PTR series (PTR5, PTR7, PTR8, PTR12, PTR14) were used as DNA markers. Evaluation of clones' ploidy was carried out on the basis of the diagnosis of "loss of heterozygosity" (LOH) effect. Analysis of 5 microsatellite loci of the specimens showed their high intraclonal genotypic stability and homogeneity in vitro and ex vitro. For the first time, data on the results of a comparative determination of ploidy using karyological and microsatellite analysis were presented. Based on the results of the SSR analysis, it can be concluded that the structure of molecular markers is stable among the samples of one clone that are in long-term cultivation. The ratio of the representation (dose) of electrophoretic variants of PCR products serves as an indirect sign of determining ploidy, but for its reliable assessment it is necessary to study the number of loci that are three times larger than the main set of chromosomes. The specimen also requires information on the amplification coefficient of the markers under study. Thus, it is necessary to use both chromosomal and microsatellite analyzes for reliable assessment of intraclonal homogeneity of various specimens, the development of understanding of clone genotypes formation and determination of their ploidy

ANALYSIS OF TECHNOLOGIES AND TECHNICAL MEANS FOR SOWING FOREST SEEDS IN NURSERIES

The analysis of sowing methods and existing types of seeders, which are used in forestry and agrotechnical complexes, as well as patent materials, is given. Analysis of domestic designs of SLP-M, SLU-5-20 and "Litva-25" seeders, intended for sowing small forest seeds in nurseries and open ground, showed that they are energy-intensive and do not always ensure the embedding of seeds in moist soil. The perspective directions of resource conservation in agriculture have been considered: sowing using "no-till" or "mini-do" technology, ensuring sowing of seeds in untreated and minimally cultivated soil. The combined seeder AGRATORDK is equipped with a disc cultivator and a seeder with gouters. The RAPIDRDA-450S seeder from VADERSTAD has spherical discs that cultivate soil in one pass. The presented methods of sowing and seeding devices have a significant drawback - the necessity of additional working bodies with a high probability of getting into the grooves of dry soil, moving the top layer of soil "back and forth." A gouter which can change the angle of entering the soil and planting depths of small forest seeds was developed. Preliminary laboratory studies have shown the operability of gouter mock-up specimen and the ability to cut the seed furrow by cutting out a layer of soil with void formation above the bottom of the seed furrow, into which seeds were fed through tubes from funnels. The seeds were embedded with a layer of soil under the influence of its own gravity

INFLUENCE OF MACROSTRUCTURE ON THE DENSITY OF OAK WOOD

An individual process of staining of each trunk occurs as a result of the long-term presence of wood in the river soil without oxygen access. It consists in changing the structure and chemical composition of the wood. There are industrial reserves of this wood on the territory of the Russian Federation, in the floodplains of a number of rivers. One of the most important tasks at the extraction stage is the primary individual quality assessment of the trunk. One of the most effective diagnostic indicators for assessing wood quality can be the number of annual layers in one centimeter. This indicator correlates well with wood density. The purpose of the research is to establish the influence of the macrostructure of natural wood and stained oak wood, changes in the microstructure on its density. It was found that the density of stained oak wood, depending on the number of annual layers in 1 cm, is about 10% higher than that of natural wood, all other things being equal. The magnitude and nature of the decrease in density along the radius of the trunk is the same as in natural wood. It is about 20%. The performed studies will allow making an express analysis of the quality of each stained wood trunk at the stage of making a decision on the behavior of its extraction. This will significantly reduce the cost of logging and primary processing of stained oak wood

THEORETICAL STUDY OF THE KINEMATIC AND DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE AUGER WORKING BODY OF A FOREST FIRE GROUND-THROWING MACHINE

The paper presents the results of studies of the working processes of screw working bodies in various industries. Studies of the technological parameters of screw working bodies during the removal of the ground cover with combustible plant residues have been insufficiently carried out. A new design of a forest fire machine is proposed, including screw working bodies for removing the ground cover with combustible plant residues, cut-out discs, for the formation of a soil shaft in front of the rotor-thrower, with an adjustable guide casing with the ability to change the directional flow of soil. Working bodies of the forest fire soil-throwing machine are described by a system of differential equations of the translational, rotational movements of the auger working body and the equation of the flow rates of the working fluid. The Cauchy problem is considered on the interval t∈ (t_0; t_end). Original system is reduced to a system of recurrence relations due to its nonlinearity, replacing the derivatives of the desired functions with their finite analogs. This system is unresolved with respect to the senior member. One can apply the method of splitting the system into systems in subspaces of decreasing dimensions and solve the system in these subspaces due to the Fredholm property of the operator coefficient in front of the leading term. The analytical solution of the mathematical model for removing the ground cover by auger working bodies of a forest fire soil-throwing machine when laying fire strips and extinguishing grassland forest fires makes it possible to determine the kinematic and dynamic parameters of the auger working bodies using the final formulas. Simulation modeling of the screw working process was carried out on a virtual laboratory bench. The dependences of the dynamic characteristics of the auger working bodies when overcoming obstacles have been obtained. It was found that the maximum average value of the torque is observed when overcoming an obstacle with a height of 100 mm and the rotation speed of the working body of 400 rpm is 1468.49 N ∙ m, at which its performance is not impaired.

RESULTS OF EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF THE PROCESS OF CUTTING SOFT WOOD WITH DISC KNIVES

Stamping of softwood is still a poorly researched process of chipless division. The research on commercially available equipment was carried out. Multivariate experiments were held according to standard methods with the number of measurements from 20 to 150 using softwood including conifers. A computer was used to substantiate the obtained coefficients of the regression equations. The magnitude of external factors such as loading mode, duration and the introduction of plasticizers were studied. Exploratory experiments made it possible to accurately establish the magnitude of the external load during direct and oblique collapse, as well as the optimal deformation temperature. Moreover, the studies were carried out taking into account the different moisture content of the wood. Regression models for four factors with two outputs were obtained. Insignificant coefficients were excluded and further research of the influence of humidity, temperature, section size and shape of the work piece on the surface quality of stamped parts were carried out. As a result, the dependence of the magnitude of deformations in wood on load and temperature was built. Solving the optimization problem made it possible to identify the following parameters of the processes of stamping softwood: density within 400 kg/m3 and temperature 156 degrees Celsius

RESULTS OF EXPERIMENTAL BRIQUETTING OF LOGGING WASTE IN THE CONDITIONS OF FOREST TERMINALS

About 100 million m3 of timber waste is generated at forest terminals in the Russian Federation, with a harvesting volume of about 500 million m3 of timber. Waste generated at the terminal can be used to produce generator gas, but this requires preliminary preparation of the raw materials. A homogeneous structure of raw materials is recommended for the efficient use of gas generating plants. It can be achieved, for example, by briquetting the waste after it has been crushed. At the same time, the process of briquetting waste at forest terminals will differ from briquetting in the conditions of specialized enterprises. Timber terminals, which are temporary warehouses for timber, usually do not have a centralized electricity connection. The use of internal combustion engines as power plants significantly increases the cost of the woodworking process, since the cost of fuel is quite high, and the efficiency of internal combustion engines is much lower than that of electric motors. In this regard, the search for the most optimal mobile power plants for power supply of forest terminals is a very urgent task. It is preferable to use lighter presses at terminals, since the requirements for density and strength of briquettes for gas-fired plants are lower than for biofuels intended for sale. Known studies are focused mainly on the production of fuel briquettes sold to third-party consumers with a density of more than 1000 kg/m3. The strength is sufficient at a density of briquettes up to 800 kg/m3 for feeding briquettes into gas generating plants. The deformation characteristics of the compacted material will be different in the indicated density range. It requires further experimental studies

SIMULATION MODEL OF THE BRUSH CUTTER ROTOR WITH SIX BLADES

Brush cutters are used in forestry for the care of forest plantations in operations for cutting unwanted tree and shrub vegetation (TSV). Rotors can be used as working bodies. The rotor we are considering is a flywheel, on the outer sides of which the blades are hinged. When cutting DKR with blades, a cutting moment arises, which is transmitted through the knife to the axis of its rotation and then to the shaft driving the flywheel. When designing a brush cutter structure, the impact from the cutting forces of the DKR is decisive for the choice of drive power and rotor parameters. We designed the brush cutter rotor in CAD Solidworks to study the cutting process of the DKR. Its geometric and mass parameters were set; the kinematic links of the links were established. The input motion characteristics were set in the Motion Solidworks module and the cutting moment was applied to the knives. Virtual sensors were installed on the model to record movement characteristics. As a result of a computer experiment for three options, which differ in cutting force and the presence of a damper, the trajectories of the knives and the power consumption of the drive were established

ASSESSMENT OF THE RELEVANCE OF A PROMISING DESIGN OF A REMOTELY CONTROLLED LOGGING VEHICLE WITH A SLIDING FRAME AND CONTROLLED WHEEL MODULES

The tendency of development of timber trucks in the world is considered. Possible ways of increasing their efficiency at the present time are described. The results of the analysis of scientific works of foreign scientists in the field of increasing the productivity of timber trucks are presented. It was revealed that the duration of the process of loading and unloading timber has a significant effect on the productivity of timber trucks and on the final cost of the timber they export. The importance of reducing the labor intensity of unloading timber by improving the means for self-unloading of timber trucks has been substantiated. The goal of the research is formulated, which consists in the development of a promising design of a remotely controlled logging vehicle with a sliding frame and controlled wheel modules. Two groups of loading and unloading mechanisms used for loading and unloading timber on timber trucks are considered. The classification of devices for loading and unloading timber trucks by individual cranes, rope installations and self-propelled unloaders is presented. The dependences of the change in the residence time of timber trucks at the points of loading and unloading and their movement in an empty state on the number of timber trucks used in the link without self-loading and self-unloading means are described. The analysis of existing devices used for self-loading and self-unloading of timber trucks is presented. On the basis of the identified shortcomings, in order to eliminate them, a schematic diagram of a remotely controlled logging vehicle with a sliding frame and controlled wheel modules is proposed. A technological map of unloading a remotely controlled timber truck with a sliding frame and controlled wheel modules and an updated classification of means for self-unloading timber trucks are presented