Medial rectus disinsertion for management of chronic complete sixth nerve palsy

Purpose To report the outcomes of the medial rectus (MR) disinsertion procedure for the management of refractory esotropia (ET) with or without Abnormal head posture (AHP) in chronic complete sixth nerve palsy. Methods This is a retrospective case series of patients with sixth nerve palsy who suffered from residual ET and diplopia following the conventional strabismus surgeries and underwent MR disinsertion procedure between April 2017 and February 2020. This procedure was offered to the patients who declined to use prism and did not wish to perform surgery on the fellow eye. The demographic and clinical data, including sex, age, visual acuity, pre and postoperative angle of strabismus, duction limitations, results of forced duction and force generation tests, details of prior strabismus surgeries, orbital CT scan findings, and follow up duration were collected from the medical records. Results Six patients were enrolled in this study. Mean age was 35.0 ± 14.0 years, and mean follow-up was 15.3 ± 5.9 months. The ET at the Primary position (PP) was 35.0 ± 18.4 prism dioptre (PD) before MR disinsertion, which decreased to 14.2 ± 17.4 PD after MR disinsertion procedure. Four cases needed additional complementary surgeries to improve residual ET in PP. No case developed overcorrection. Abduction deficiency was −5.0 ± 1.3 before MR disinsertion, which improved to − 2.8 ± 0.5 units at last follow-up. The mean of induced adduction deficiency was − 2.9 ± 0.4 at last follow-up. Conclusions MR disinsertion can be considered in patients with chronic complete sixth nerve palsy and refractory diplopia when the conventional methods have failed.

A Novel Case of Superior Rectus Injury and Its Subsequent Surgery

We report a presumed damage to the left superior rectus (SR) muscle following a dog bite injury that resulted in a marked weakness of elevation and vertical diplopia. A 30-year-old male presented in October 2010 following a dog bite around his left superotemporal orbit. An ophthalmic examination was unremarkable. The patient immediately complained of vertical diplopia, which did not settle during a period of observation lasting approximately 9 months following the attack. An orthoptist examination confirmed a marked restriction of upgaze. A diagnosis of isolated SR injury, secondary to the dog bite, was suspected. A left Knapp procedure was performed. The surgery was uneventful with scar tissue found around the SR. Three months following his surgery, the patient was orthophoric in both primary positions and in the downgaze with a residual 20-prism dioptre hypotropia in the upgaze. Our patient was unusual in that the bite weakened the SR in isolation. We also show the successful management of this novel case using a simple Knapp procedure.

Medical and Surgical Treatment in Pediatric Orbital Myositis Associated with Coxsackie Virus

Purpose.To report a case of orbital myositis associated with Coxsackie virus and its medical and surgical approach.Methods.Complete ophthalmological examination and imaging and analytical investigation were performed.Results. A 6-year-old male presented with subacute painless binocular horizontal diplopia. Examination revealed bilateral best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) of 20/20 and right eye 45-prism-dioptre (PD) esotropia in near and distance fixations, with no motility restrictions. Serologic screening was positive for Coxsackie virus acute infection and computerized tomography (CT) suggested right eye medial rectus orbital myositis. An oral corticosteroid 1.0 mg/kg/day regimen was started. A new CT after two months showed symmetrical lesions in both medial rectus muscles. Corticosteroids were increased to 1.5 mg/kg/day. After imagiological resolution on the 4th month, alternating 45 PD esotropia persisted. Bilateral 7 mm medial rectus recession was performed after 1 year without spontaneous recovery. At 1-year follow-up, the patient is orthophoric with 200′′ stereopsis and bilateral 20/20 BCVA.Conclusions. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of orbital myositis associated with Coxsackie virus. This is also the first reported case of isolated strabismus surgery after orbital myositis in pediatric age, highlighting the favourable aesthetic and functional outcomes even in cases of late ocular motility disorders.