Restoring scratched cine-film via reducing light scattering

Scratches on cine-film significantly affect the quality of projected film images forming blackness or brightness. Only blackness can be restored by restoration dispersion. However, why the scratches can or can not be restored is unknown. Herein, unscratched and scratched films were selected, treated with restoration dispersion and investigated from composition and microstructure and its interaction with light. Both superficial and penetrating scratches make film rough and the applying of restoration dispersion decreases the roughness. The darkness in the projected film image resulted by superficial scratch can be restored by restoration dispersion through reducing light scattering, while the brightness induced by penetrating scratch can not be restored by restoration dispersion due to the removal of emulsion layer. This investigation is beneficial for developing new restoration dispersion to improve the quality of projected film images.

Tom Chapman and the Glasgow Punch

Thomas Lightbody Chapman (1903 – 1966) founded the urological department at the Victoria Infirmary, Glasgow. After travelling to the Mayo Clinic in America to learn the new technique of punch prostatectomy he brought that procedure back to Glasgow. The prostatic punch required skill to master but could be successful in the right hands. Chapman was a great teacher who used innovative techniques to educate his students in the skills of punch prostatectomy. These included a training model where the trainee surgeon could be observed punching out a phantom prostate and a cine-film using both live action and animation to demonstrate the technique. Keen to share his enthusiasm for the punch prostatectomy he organized a meeting of like-minded urologists, a group which became the Punch Club, a travelling urology club still active today. Tom Chapman was a colourful and dynamic individual, devoted to his work and his patients. His name will be remembered as being almost synonymous with the punch prostatectomy in Great Britain.

Progress Towards More Realistic In-Situ Microscopy Observations

As progress indicators in electron microscopy, advances in spatial resolution and in spectroscopy probably attract most frequent attention. Improved user-friendliness has also been significant even when judged in comparison with scanned probe microscopy. Evidence for developments in in-situ microscopy at least equally impressive can be found by comparing the relevant sections of the book by Hirsch et al. and a more recent compilation.Peter Hirsch's research group swiftly discovered the power and frustrations of in-situ microscopy. The cine film of dislocation motion observed in the earliest diffraction contrast studies, and attributed to the thermal stresses generated by the electron beam, was extremely effective in convincing the wider community that it was indeed dislocations that were being observed.