Restoring scratched cine-film via reducing light scattering

Scratches on cine-film significantly affect the quality of projected film images forming blackness or brightness. Only blackness can be restored by restoration dispersion. However, why the scratches can or can not be restored is unknown. Herein, unscratched and scratched films were selected, treated with restoration dispersion and investigated from composition and microstructure and its interaction with light. Both superficial and penetrating scratches make film rough and the applying of restoration dispersion decreases the roughness. The darkness in the projected film image resulted by superficial scratch can be restored by restoration dispersion through reducing light scattering, while the brightness induced by penetrating scratch can not be restored by restoration dispersion due to the removal of emulsion layer. This investigation is beneficial for developing new restoration dispersion to improve the quality of projected film images.

CONTROL OF THE PROCESSES OF DYNAMIC SETTLING OF OIL EMULSION

A systematic analysis of the state of the art in the methods for enhancing processes of thermochemical treatment of oil is carried out. A new method and a new system for controlling the process of dynamic settling of oil emulsion (OE) is developed, which allows increasing the efficiency of managing the process of dynamic settling by more accurately measuring the degree of phase separation, while avoiding the process of “flooding”. The mechanism of formation of an electrical double layer around emulsified water droplets (EWD) and the interaction energy of these droplets as a distance function is shown. An adequate mathematical model of hindered settling of EWD is proposed. It is shown that OE and intermediate emulsion layer (IEL) can be broken down by using microwave radiation. By virtue of this, the authors develop a new method, algorithm and system for automatic measurement of the water cushion level and the thickness of the İEL in settlers based on measuring the optical density of oil.

DEVELOPMENT OF A PROCESS CONTROL SYSTEM FOR DYNAMIC SEDIMENT OF OIL EMULSION

Using heat balance and geometric features of horizontal cylindrical sedimentation, a new method and algorithm for controlling the dynamic sediment of emulsified water drops of oil emulsion have been developed. The mechanism of oil emulsion dynamic sediment on the proposed method is that the redistribution of the flow contributes to the cyclic change in the flow rate of the oil emulsion in the settling apparatus and the oscillatory motion (compression and expansion) of the intermediate emulsion layers, leading to the destruction of armoring casings, coalescence of emulsified water drops and transfer mechanical impurities into water cushion of the settling apparatus, as a result of which the quality of commercial oil increases (the content of water and mineral salts decrease in the prepared oil) and the risk of flooding the settling apparatus decreases. In the settling apparatus, where the volume of the oil emulsion is greater than the average value, the intermediate emulsion layer expands, the kinetic energy increases, and it increases the efficiency of collisions between the drops, leading to the destruction of the armoring casings and coalescence of the drops. When the volume is less than the average value, the intermediate emulsion layer is compressed, the distance between the drops decreases, leading to a coalescence of the drops and an increase in the efficiency of oil preparation.

Strengthening and drying rate of a drying emulsion layer

Silicone in water emulsion at different stages of drying (decreasing water concentration) viewed from the side (top) and from above (bottom) in a Petri dish, showing the formation of oil and surfactant layers below and around the free surface.

Surfactants Efficiency in Oil Reserves Exploatation

The use of surfactants in the process of water separation from crude oil emulsions formed at extraction is an effective solution in the treatment of crude oil. But perfecting this technology to a higher degree of efficiency, in order to destabilize the emulsion formed, requires the determination of the parameters involved in the design and the correlation of the obtained results. This research also aims at finding optimal solutions that increase the degree of water separation from emulsions using surface-effective solutions to destabilize the emulsion layer. This research was basedon data from two wells that extract oil from Barc�u reservoir. To achieve this objective, the composition of crude oil was analyzed, the emulsion characteristics were established and the elected demulsifiers were tested. The study highlights the efficiency of destabilization up to 97.9 mass %.

ASTRONOMICAL GLASS PLATE NEGATIVES: MONITORING OF EMULSION LAYER DETERIORATION

One of the techniques for making photographic negatives most used in the history of photography were gelatin glass plates. This technique was used not only in the artistic field but also and mainly in the scientific field. The main period when glass plate negatives were used in astronomy was between 1890–1980. There are over 7 million of these negatives all over the word and they carry valuable historical scientific data. However, during the long-term storage of this material, deterioration of the emulsion (picture) layer and/or the support (glass) layer has occurred. In this paper we report on our preliminary results from an analysis of the yellowing of the emulsion layer and of gold micro-spots. Both phenomena worsen the readability of the information in the photograph, and it is necessary to prevent their formation, which is why we need to know as much as possible about their origin.

BIOOXIDATION OF ORGANIC IMPURITIES OF WASTE LIQUIDS ON THE COMBINED BIOREACTOR

Activities of oil and gas companies are accompanied by the formation of liquid and pasteous hydrocarbon waste. A common way of dealing with these types of wastes is their placement, storage in specially equipped facilities (sludge reservoirs, ponds, anaerobic digestion, etc.). Сonsiders the major problems of processing of waste liquids of petrochemical complex with using biochemical reactor. Are presented the results of research of process of bio oxidation of organic matter in water-emulsion layer of waste storage using activated sludge plan.

Study on Surface Sizing of Cationic Polyacrylate Emulsion to Improve Mechanical Properties of Paper

Cationic polyacrylate emulsion was used as surface sizing agent and the effects of emulsion properties on paper mechanical properties were studied. The mechanical properties of sized paper gradually increased with the increase of solid content, viscosity and positive charge density of emulsion and decreased with the increase of particle size of emulsion. Tensile strength, folding endurance and tearing strength on machine direction were increased 33.62%, 11.99%, 6.79% respectively when the paper with single emulsion layer was used oven drying methods.