Greek Necromancy: Reality or Myth?

SummaryThe article investigates the extent to which Greek necromancy fits into the wider eschatological, cultic and historical context of an epoch demarcated on the one hand by Homer and on the other by the Classical period. The oldest purported necromantic ritual, with the help of which Odysseus descended into the underworld, is a literary construct inspired especially by the heroic tomb-cults. Scenes depicting funereal necromancy, written by dramatists of the Classical period, were also drawn from this source. Ability, behavior and appearance of heroes were additionally ascribed to the so-called restless spirits and revenants and later came to include all the dead. The main cause of this was a change in eschatological ideas and especially heroization, which in the Roman period spread nominally to all the dead. Reports about necromancy include a high percentage of mythical and literarily-dramatized elements that simply do not correspond with contemporary ideas about the soul, the dead, the underworld and chthonic deities. It therefore appears almost certain that, at least to the end of the period described, necromancy was not carried out in reality but remained only the literary surmise of the possibility indicated by Homer.

The Hydraulic Calculation and Reformation Application of Yuhua Heating Network in Shijiazhuang Based on Graph Theory

In heat source ability sufficient situation, Yuhua network in Shijiazhuang had some phenomenon, such as uneven heating, serious disorders, the far-end heating reliability was insufficient. Based on the basic principle of Graph theory, this article carried on the detailed hydraulic calculation to the annular pipe network, determined and implemented the reasonable transformation program, finally carried on the investigation and study test to the actual operation network after reformation. The results show that after reformation, the actual heating network runs well, improves the heating security and reliability, so the hydraulic calculation method based on Graph theory is accurate, and has certain guiding sense to other pipe networks' energy conservation reformation.

The Effectiveness Analysis of Some Large-Scale Central Heat Supply System Energy Conservation Transformation

In heat source ability sufficient situation, some phenomenon occurred in some central heat supply system, such as uneven heating, serious disorders, the far-end heating reliability was insufficient. To improve the heating security and reliability, this article carries on an investigation test, problem analysis, Clears the crux of the problem, Proposes the corresponding transformation plan, and carries on the effective analysis of the actual heating effect after transformation. The results show that after transformation, the actual heating network runs well, increases the heating area, improves the heating security and reliability, provide the reference for other large-scale pipe network energy conservation transformation.