Cultivation and Conversion of Tropical Red Seaweed into Food and Feed Ingredients, Agricultural Biostimulants, Renewable Chemicals, and Biofuel

Abstract Samples of 4 foods, 1 animal feed, isolated soy protein, and 0-lao toglobulin were analyzed by 9 laboratories to determine concentrations of cysteine as cysteic acid, methionine as methionine sulfone, and tryptophan. Sulfur amino acids were determined by AOAC method 43.A08-43.A13 for food and feed ingredients, in which samples are oxidized with performic acid before protein hydrolysis with 6N HC1. Tryptophan was determined after protein hydrolysis with 4.2N NaOH. In both methods, free amino acids were separated by ionexchange or reverse-phase chromatography. Each laboratory was provided with detailed methods and with sealed vials containing solutions of standards. Samples were analyzed in duplicate, and variation between laboratories was determined. Coefficients of variation between laboratories for the 6 samples ranged from 5.50 to 11.8% for methionine as methionine sulfoxide, 8.59 to 17.3% for cysteine as cysteic acid, and 3.87 to 16.1% for tryptophan. Amino acid recoveries were determined by analysis of β-lactoglobulin and were based on expected levels of each amino acid obtained from amino acid sequence data. The mean recovery of cysteine was 97% with a range of 88-119%. For methionine, mean recovery was 98% (range 89-115%) and for tryptophan, 85% (range 59-102%). Method 43.A08- 43.A13 for food and feed ingredients has been adopted official first action for determination of cysteine and methionine in processed foods. The alkaline hydrolysis method has been adopted official first action for determination of tryptophan in foods and food and feed ingredients

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Oxidation and Hydrolysis Determination of Sulfur Amino Acids in Food and Feed Ingredients: Collaborative Study

Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL ◽

10.1093/jaoac/68.5.826 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 68 (5) ◽

pp. 826-829 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

John L Macdonald ◽

Mark W Krueger ◽

John H Keller

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Amino Acid ◽

Performic Acid ◽

Cysteic Acid ◽

Feed Ingredients ◽

Methionine Sulfone ◽

Coefficients Of Variation ◽

Food And Feed ◽

The Mean

Abstract Samples of 6 food and feed ingredients and a purified protein, plactoglobulin, were analyzed by 7 laboratories to determine the concentrations of cysteine as cysteic acid and methionine as methionine sulfone. Samples were oxidized by reaction with performic acid before hydrolysis with 6N HC1. The free amino acids were then separated and measured by ion-exchange chromatography on dedicated amino acid analyzers. Each laboratory was provided with a detailed method as well as sealed vials containing solutions of standards. For the determination of cysteine as cysteic acid, the coefficients of variation between laboratories for duplicate samples ranged from 7.13 to 10.8% for the 6 ingredients. For the determination of methionine as methionine sulfone, the coefficients of variation between laboratories for duplicate samples ranged from 1.18 to 12.8% for the 6 ingredients. Cysteine and methionine recoveries were determined by analysis of β-Iactoglobulin and were based on expected levels of each amino acid from amino acid sequence data. The mean recovery of cysteine was 95% with a range of 91-101%. The mean recovery of methionine was 101% with a range of 98-106%. This method has been adopted official first action.

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Undesirables in Mesopelagic Species and Implications for Food and Feed Safety—Insights from Norwegian Fjords

Foods ◽

10.3390/foods9091162 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (9) ◽

pp. 1162

Author(s):

Martin Wiech ◽

Marta Silva ◽

Sonnich Meier ◽

Jojo Tibon ◽

Marc H. G. Berntssen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Trace Elements ◽

Fish Meal ◽

Wax Esters ◽

Worst Case ◽

Feed Ingredients ◽

Safety Issues ◽

Food And Feed ◽

Feed Safety ◽

Mesopelagic Species ◽

Food And Feed Safety

The increase in the global population demands more biomass from the ocean as future food and feed, and the mesopelagic species might contribute significantly. In the present study, we evaluated the food and feed safety of six of the most abundant mesopelagic species in Norwegian fjords. Trace elements (i.e., arsenic, cadmium, mercury, and lead), organic pollutants (i.e., dioxins, furans, dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls, and polybrominated flame-retardants), and potentially problematic lipid compounds (i.e., wax esters and erucic acid) were analyzed and compared to existing food and feed maximum levels and intake recommendations. Furthermore, contaminant loads in processed mesopelagic biomass (protein, oil, and fish meal) was estimated using worst-case scenarios to identify possible food and feed safety issues. While most undesirables were low considering European food legislation, we identified a few potential food safety issues regarding high levels of fluoride in Northern krill, wax esters in glacier lanternfish, and long-chain monounsaturated fatty acids in silvery lightfish. Our estimates in processed biomass indicated high levels of undesirable trace elements in the protein fraction, frequently exceeding the maximum levels for feed ingredients. However, in fish meal, almost no exceedances were seen. In the oil fraction, dioxins and furans were above the maximum levels, given for food and feed ingredients. The present study is crucial to enable an evaluation of the value of these species; however, more data is needed before proceeding with large-scale harvesting of mesopelagic biomass.

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