CGG Repeats in the FMR1 Gene as Predictor of Visuospatial Working Memory

Purpose Many children with developmental language disorder (DLD) have weaknesses in executive functioning (EF), specifically in tasks testing interference control and working memory. It is unknown how EF develops in children with DLD, if EF abilities are related to DLD severity and persistence, and if EF weaknesses expand to selective attention. This study aimed to address these gaps. Method Data from 78 children with DLD and 39 typically developing (TD) children were collected at three times with 1-year intervals. At Time 1, the children were 5 or 6 years old. Flanker, Dot Matrix, and Sky Search tasks tested interference control, visuospatial working memory, and selective attention, respectively. DLD severity was based on children's language ability. DLD persistence was based on stability of the DLD diagnosis. Results Performance on all tasks improved in both groups. TD children outperformed children with DLD on interference control. No differences were found for visuospatial working memory and selective attention. An interference control gap between the DLD and TD groups emerged between Time 1 and Time 2. Severity and persistence of DLD were related to interference control and working memory; the impact on working memory was stronger. Selective attention was unrelated to DLD severity and persistence. Conclusions Age and DLD severity and persistence determine whether or not children with DLD show EF weaknesses. Interference control is most clearly impaired in children with DLD who are 6 years and older. Visuospatial working memory is impaired in children with severe and persistent DLD. Selective attention is spared.

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Visual Search Facilitation in Repeated Displays Depends on Visuospatial Working Memory

Experimental Psychology (formerly Zeitschrift für Experimentelle Psychologie) ◽

10.1027/1618-3169/a000125 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 59 (1) ◽

pp. 47-54 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Angela A. Manginelli ◽

Franziska Geringswald ◽

Stefan Pollmann

Keyword(s):

Working Memory ◽

Visual Search ◽

Control Experiment ◽

Memory Load ◽

Contextual Cueing ◽

Long Term Memory ◽

Visuospatial Working Memory ◽

Working Memory Load ◽

Memory Resources

When distractor configurations are repeated over time, visual search becomes more efficient, even if participants are unaware of the repetition. This contextual cueing is a form of incidental, implicit learning. One might therefore expect that contextual cueing does not (or only minimally) rely on working memory resources. This, however, is debated in the literature. We investigated contextual cueing under either a visuospatial or a nonspatial (color) visual working memory load. We found that contextual cueing was disrupted by the concurrent visuospatial, but not by the color working memory load. A control experiment ruled out that unspecific attentional factors of the dual-task situation disrupted contextual cueing. Visuospatial working memory may be needed to match current display items with long-term memory traces of previously learned displays.

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Where's the square? Strategies and aging in visuospatial working memory

PsycEXTRA Dataset ◽

10.1037/e520592012-423 ◽

2010 ◽

Author(s):

Bailey M. Bonura ◽

Ayanna K. Thomas ◽

Holly A. Taylor

Keyword(s):

Working Memory ◽

Visuospatial Working Memory

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Visuospatial Working Memory and Warnings Modulate Object Location Memory

PsycEXTRA Dataset ◽

10.1037/e527342012-559 ◽

2007 ◽

Author(s):

Paula J. Waddill ◽

Risa Ikemoto ◽

Elise Wigginton

Keyword(s):

Working Memory ◽

Object Location ◽

Visuospatial Working Memory ◽

Location Memory ◽

Object Location Memory

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Gestalt effects in visuospatial working memory

PsycEXTRA Dataset ◽

10.1037/e527352012-755 ◽

2006 ◽

Author(s):

Laura Pieroni ◽

Clelia Rossi-Arnaud ◽

Miriam Di Nardo ◽

Alan D. Baddeley

Keyword(s):

Working Memory ◽

Visuospatial Working Memory

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Faculty Opinions recommendation of The association of CGG repeats in the FMR1 gene and timing of natural menopause.

Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature ◽

10.3410/f.717964304.793465846 ◽

2012 ◽

Author(s):

Randi Hagerman

Keyword(s):

Fmr1 Gene ◽

Natural Menopause ◽

Cgg Repeats

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Does perceptual grouping improve visuospatial working memory? Optimized processing or encoding bias

Psychological Research ◽

10.1007/s00426-021-01555-w ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Antonio Prieto ◽

Vanesa Peinado ◽

Julia Mayas

Keyword(s):

Working Memory ◽

Change Detection ◽

Visual Working Memory ◽

Visual Information ◽

Detection Accuracy ◽

Visuospatial Working Memory ◽

Gestalt Grouping ◽

Color Similarity ◽

Automatic Encoding ◽

Change Detection Performance

AbstractVisual working memory has been defined as a system of limited capacity that enables the maintenance and manipulation of visual information. However, some perceptual features like Gestalt grouping could improve visual working memory effectiveness. In two different experiments, we aimed to explore how the presence of elements grouped by color similarity affects the change detection performance of both, grouped and non-grouped items. We combined a change detection task with a retrocue paradigm in which a six item array had to be remembered. An always valid, variable-delay retrocue appeared in some trials during the retention interval, either after 100 ms (iconic-trace period) or 1400 ms (working memory period), signaling the location of the probe. The results indicated that similarity grouping biased the information entered into the visual working memory, improving change detection accuracy only for previously grouped probes, but hindering change detection for non-grouped probes in certain conditions (Exp. 1). However, this bottom-up automatic encoding bias was overridden when participants were explicitly instructed to ignore grouped items as they were irrelevant for the task (Exp. 2).

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Visuospatial Working Memory Deficits and Visual Pursuit Impairments are Not Directly Related in Schizophrenia

Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry ◽

10.1080/00048670903001901 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 43 (8) ◽

pp. 766-774 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Luca Cocchi ◽

Francesca Bosisio ◽

Olivia Carter ◽

Stephen J. Wood ◽

André Berchtold ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Working Memory ◽

Task Performance ◽

Memory Performance ◽

Correct Choice ◽

Head Movements ◽

Visuospatial Working Memory ◽

Visual Pursuit ◽

Scanning Time ◽

Time Scanning ◽

Correct Path

Objective: Patients with schizophrenia show deficits in visuospatial working memory and visual pursuit processes. It is currently unclear, however, whether both impairments are related to a common neuropathological origin. The purpose of the present study was therefore to examine the possible relations between the encoding and the discrimination of dynamic visuospatial stimuli in schizophrenia. Method: Sixteen outpatients with schizophrenia and 16 control subjects were asked to encode complex disc displacements presented on a screen. After a delay, participants had to identify the previously presented disc trajectory from a choice of six static linear paths, among which were five incorrect paths. The precision of visual pursuit eye movements during the initial presentation of the dynamic stimulus was assessed. The fixations and scanning time in definite regions of the six paths presented during the discrimination phase were investigated. Results: In comparison with controls, patients showed poorer task performance, reduced pursuit accuracy during incorrect trials and less time scanning the correct stimulus or the incorrect paths approximating its global structure. Patients also spent less time scanning the leftmost portion of the correct path even when making a correct choice. The accuracy of visual pursuit and head movements, however, was not correlated with task performance. Conclusions: The present study provides direct support for the hypothesis that active integration of visuospatial information within working memory is deficient in schizophrenia. In contrast, a general impairment of oculomotor mechanisms involved in smooth pursuit did not appear to be directly related to lower visuospatial working memory performance in schizophrenia.

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