This chapter provides a summary of a landmark study in endocrine surgery. Is minimally invasive parathyroidectomy better than conventional bilateral cervical exploration for the treatment of primary hyperparathyroidism with respect to cure rates and complication rates? Starting with that question, it describes the basics of the study, including year study began, year study was published, study location, who was studied, who was excluded, how many patients, study design, study intervention, follow-up, endpoints, results, and criticism and limitations. The chapter briefly reviews other relevant studies and information, gives a summary and discusses implications, and concludes with a relevant clinical case on minimally invasive parathyroidectomy.