Propensity scores used for analysis of cluster randomized trials with selection bias: a simulation study

2013 ◽  
Vol 32 (19) ◽  
pp. 3357-3372 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Leyrat ◽  
A. Caille ◽  
A. Donner ◽  
B. Giraudeau
Keyword(s):  
Selection Bias ◽  
Simulation Study ◽  
Randomized Trials ◽  
Propensity Scores ◽  
Cluster Randomized Trials ◽  
Cluster Randomized

scholarly journals Is the R coefficient of interest in cluster randomized trials with a binary outcome?

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (9) ◽  
pp. 2470-2480
Author(s):  
Ariane M Mbekwe Yepnang ◽  
Agnès Caille ◽  
Sandra M Eldridge ◽  
Bruno Giraudeau
Keyword(s):  
Sample Size ◽  
Simulation Study ◽  
Randomized Trials ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Sample Size Calculation ◽  
Sample Size Determination ◽  
Binary Outcomes ◽  
Cluster Randomized Trials ◽  
Empirical Power ◽  
Cluster Randomized

In cluster randomized trials, the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) is classically used to measure clustering. When the outcome is binary, the ICC is known to be associated with the prevalence of the outcome. This association challenges its interpretation and can be problematic for sample size calculation. To overcome these situations, Crespi et al. extended a coefficient named R, initially proposed by Rosner for ophthalmologic data, to cluster randomized trials. Crespi et al. asserted that R may be less influenced by the outcome prevalence than is the ICC, although the authors provided only empirical data to support their assertion. They also asserted that “the traditional ICC approach to sample size determination tends to overpower studies under many scenarios, calling for more clusters than truly required”, although they did not consider empirical power. The aim of this study was to investigate whether R could indeed be considered independent of the outcome prevalence. We also considered whether sample size calculation should be better based on the R coefficient or the ICC. Considering the particular case of 2 individuals per cluster, we theoretically demonstrated that R is not symmetrical around the 0.5 prevalence value. This in itself demonstrates the dependence of R on prevalence. We also conducted a simulation study to explore the case of both fixed and variable cluster sizes greater than 2. This simulation study demonstrated that R decreases when prevalence increases from 0 to 1. Both the analytical and simulation results demonstrate that R depends on the outcome prevalence. In terms of sample size calculation, we showed that an approach based on the ICC is preferable to an approach based on the R coefficient because with the former, the empirical power is closer to the nominal one. Hence, the R coefficient does not outperform the ICC for binary outcomes because it does not offer any advantage over the ICC.

A review of cluster randomized trials found statistical evidence of selection bias

2018 ◽  
Vol 99 ◽  
pp. 106-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaime Bolzern ◽  
Nandi Mnyama ◽  
Katharine Bosanquet ◽  
David J. Torgerson
Keyword(s):  
Selection Bias ◽  
Randomized Trials ◽  
Statistical Evidence ◽  
Cluster Randomized Trials ◽  
Cluster Randomized

scholarly journals Statistical approaches to computing sample size in cluster randomized trials: a simulation study

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashutosh Ranjan ◽  
Guangzi Song ◽  
Christopher S Coffey ◽  
Leslie A McClure
Keyword(s):  
Sample Size ◽  
Simulation Study ◽  
Cluster Size ◽  
Randomized Trials ◽  
Sample Size Calculation ◽  
Minimum Variance ◽  
Type I ◽  
Cluster Randomized Trials ◽  
Weighted Analysis ◽  
Cluster Randomized

Abstract Background: Cluster randomized trials, which randomize groups of individuals to an intervention, are common in health services research when one wants to evaluate improvement in a subject's outcome by intervening at an organizational level. For many such trials sample size calculation is performed under the assumption of equal cluster size. Many trials that set out to recruit equal clusters end up with unequal clusters for various reasons. This leads to a misalignment between the method used for sample size calculation and the data analysis, which may affect trial power. Various weighted analysis methods for analyzing cluster means have been suggested to overcome the problem introduced by unbalanced clusters; however, the performance of such methods has not been evaluated extensively.Methods: We examine the use of the general linear model for analysis of clustered randomized trials assuming equal cluster sizes during the planning stage but ending up with unequal clusters. We demonstrate the performance of three approaches using different weights for analyzing the cluster means: (1) the standard analysis of cluster means, (2) weighting by cluster size, and (3) minimum variance weights. Several distributions are used to generate cluster sizes to cover a wide range of patterns of imbalance. The variability in cluster size is measured by the coefficient of variation (CV). By means of a simulation study, we assess the impact of using each of the three analysis methods with respect to type I error and power of the study and how it is affected by the variability in cluster size. Results: Analyses that assumes equal clusters provide a reasonable approximation when cluster sizes vary minimally (CV < 0.30). In an analysis weighted by cluster size type I errors were inflated, and that worsened as the variation in cluster size increases. However, a minimum variance weighted analysis best maintains target power and level of significance under all degrees of imbalance considered. Conclusion: The unweighted analysis works well as an approximate method when the variation in cluster size is minimal. However, using minimum variance weights performs much better across the full range of variation in cluster size and is recommended.

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