Demographic Change and ‘New Opportunities’ for Woman: The Case of Employers’ Career Break Schemes

1992 ◽  
pp. 104-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carole Truman
Keyword(s):  
Demographic Change ◽  
Career Break

TV, female empowerment and demographic change in rural India

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vegard Iversen ◽  
◽  
Richard Palmer-Jones ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Demographic Change ◽  
Rural India ◽  
Female Empowerment

Demographic Change and Progressive Political Strategy in Germany

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernhard Wessels ◽  
Jan Engels ◽  
Gero Maaa
Keyword(s):  
Demographic Change ◽  
Political Strategy

scholarly journals Gender Differences in Work Status during Early Career of Dentists: An Analysis of National Survey Cohort Data of 10 Years in Japan

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 2335
Author(s):  
Katsuo Oshima ◽  
Tomoko Kodama ◽  
Yusuke Ida ◽  
Hiroko Miura
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
National Survey ◽  
Early Career ◽  
Work Status ◽  
Work Setting ◽  
Multiple Logistic Regression ◽  
Dental Clinics ◽  
Career Break ◽  
Time Work ◽  
Part Time

Few studies have evaluated gender differences in young dentists’ career focusing on career breaks and return to work. We created a cohort dataset for dentists registered in 2006 using the national survey between 2006–2016 (men, 1680; women, 984), and examined the work setting of dentists by gender 10 years after registration. The proportion of dentists on career break increased each survey year, and was more pronounced in women than in men (2006 to 2016, men, 11.2% to 14.2%; women, 7.9% to 31.0%). The proportion of those who had career breaks between 2006–2016 was 44.8% in men and 62.9% in women. In the multiple logistic regression for examining the associations between those who returned to work compared to those working continuously, in women, the odds ratios (OR) were significantly higher in those working in dental clinics (owner, OR: 5.39; employee, OR: 3.10), and those working part-time (OR: 2.07); however, in men, there was no significant association with part-time work. These results suggest during early career phase, female dentists are more likely than males to take career breaks and choose part-time on returning. These gender differences should be considered for ensuring adequate workforce in dentistry in the future.

scholarly journals Mixture models as a method for comparative sociality: social networks and demographic change in resident killer whales

2021 ◽  
Vol 75 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel Ellis ◽  
Daniel W. Franks ◽  
Michael N. Weiss ◽  
Michael A. Cant ◽  
Paolo Domenici ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mixture Models ◽  
Demographic Change ◽  
Social Preferences ◽  
Social Bonds ◽  
Killer Whales ◽  
Animal Populations ◽  
Binomial Mixture ◽  
Opposite Sex ◽  
Social Associations ◽  
Social Association

Abstract In studies of social behaviour, social bonds are usually inferred from rates of interaction or association. This approach has revealed many important insights into the proximate formation and ultimate function of animal social structures. However, it remains challenging to compare social structure between systems or time-points because extrinsic factors, such as sampling methodology, can also influence the observed rate of association. As a consequence of these methodological challenges, it is difficult to analyse how patterns of social association change with demographic processes, such as the death of key social partners. Here we develop and illustrate the use of binomial mixture models to quantitatively compare patterns of social association between networks. We then use this method to investigate how patterns of social preferences in killer whales respond to demographic change. Resident killer whales are bisexually philopatric, and both sexes stay in close association with their mother in adulthood. We show that mothers and daughters show reduced social association after the birth of the daughter’s first offspring, but not after the birth of an offspring to the mother. We also show that whales whose mother is dead associate more with their opposite sex siblings and with their grandmother than whales whose mother is alive. Our work demonstrates the utility of using mixture models to compare social preferences between networks and between species. We also highlight other potential uses of this method such as to identify strong social bonds in animal populations. Significance statement Comparing patters of social associations between systems, or between the same systems at different times, is challenging due to the confounding effects of sampling and methodological differences. Here we present a method to allow social associations to be robustly classified and then compared between networks using binomial mixture models. We illustrate this method by showing how killer whales change their patterns of social association in response to the birth of calves and the death of their mother. We show that after the birth of her calf, females associate less with their mother. We also show that whales’ whose mother is dead associate more with their opposite sex siblings and grandmothers than whales’ whose mother is alive. This clearly demonstrates how this method can be used to examine fine scale temporal processes in animal social systems.

Active ageing and demographic change: challenges for social work and social policy

2014 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 313-321 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siniša Zrinščak ◽  
Susan Lawrence
Keyword(s):  
Social Work ◽  
Social Policy ◽  
Demographic Change ◽  
Active Ageing
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