scholarly journals Gender Differences in Work Status during Early Career of Dentists: An Analysis of National Survey Cohort Data of 10 Years in Japan

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 2335
Author(s):  
Katsuo Oshima ◽  
Tomoko Kodama ◽  
Yusuke Ida ◽  
Hiroko Miura
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
National Survey ◽  
Early Career ◽  
Work Status ◽  
Work Setting ◽  
Multiple Logistic Regression ◽  
Dental Clinics ◽  
Career Break ◽  
Time Work ◽  
Part Time

Few studies have evaluated gender differences in young dentists’ career focusing on career breaks and return to work. We created a cohort dataset for dentists registered in 2006 using the national survey between 2006–2016 (men, 1680; women, 984), and examined the work setting of dentists by gender 10 years after registration. The proportion of dentists on career break increased each survey year, and was more pronounced in women than in men (2006 to 2016, men, 11.2% to 14.2%; women, 7.9% to 31.0%). The proportion of those who had career breaks between 2006–2016 was 44.8% in men and 62.9% in women. In the multiple logistic regression for examining the associations between those who returned to work compared to those working continuously, in women, the odds ratios (OR) were significantly higher in those working in dental clinics (owner, OR: 5.39; employee, OR: 3.10), and those working part-time (OR: 2.07); however, in men, there was no significant association with part-time work. These results suggest during early career phase, female dentists are more likely than males to take career breaks and choose part-time on returning. These gender differences should be considered for ensuring adequate workforce in dentistry in the future.

scholarly journals Maternity Leave Duration and Full-time/Part-time Work Status Are Associated with US Mothers’ Ability to Meet Breastfeeding Intentions

2014 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 416-419 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelsey R. Mirkovic ◽  
Cria G. Perrine ◽  
Kelley S. Scanlon ◽  
Laurence M. Grummer-Strawn
Keyword(s):  
Maternity Leave ◽  
Work Status ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Time Work ◽  
Part Time ◽  
Time Part ◽  
Part Time Work

Balancing Home and Employment: Stress Reported by Social Services Staff

1997 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 413-434 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jay Ginn ◽  
Jane Sandell
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Social Services ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Family Responsibilities ◽  
Time Work ◽  
Part Time ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Service Departments ◽  
Voluntary Choice ◽  
Employment Characteristics

The paper aims to contribute to an understanding of how stress from the combined responsibilities of home and employment varies according to the family circumstances and employment characteristics of women and men. For women, family responsibilities are associated with shorter hours of employment and lower occupational achievement, whereas for men, marriage is a career asset. Yet the reason for women's underachievement is disputed: some researchers claim that women's part-time work in low-paid, low-status jobs represent women's voluntary choice. Others argue that women's employment options are constrained by their domestic responsibilities; and that reducing hours of work and modifying career aspirations may represent one way of balancing home and employment so as to minimise stress. Data are used from the National Institute of Social Work (NISW) Workforce Survey of over 1000 women and men in four broad types of work in the social service departments of five English local authorities. Information is available on staff's perception of stress from combining paid and unpaid roles. We examine whether there are gender differences in reported stress among those who have structurally similar domestic circumstances; whether gender differences in stress can be explained in terms of occupational segregation and hours of employment; and whether the lower stress reported by part-time employees is independent of family responsibilities and type of occupation. A key concern is to assess whether part-time employment enables women with family responsibilities to avoid high levels of stress. There was increased stress on those staff with dependent children or with informal caring commitments. Men reported higher stress than women, irrespective of family circumstances, but the difference disappeared once account was taken of type of work and hours. Family responsibilities and employment characteristics had independent effects on stress levels. Type of work, in terms of level of responsibility, had more influence on stress than hours worked. Among full-time non-manual staff, women with family responsibilities experienced more stress than equivalent men, suggesting that women's occupational advancement is achieved at greater cost in terms of stress than men's.

scholarly journals Gender Differences in Precarious Work Settings

2010 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 74-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marisa C. Young
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Human Capital ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Work Status ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Capital Investments ◽  
Precarious Employment ◽  
Work Settings ◽  
Work Related ◽  
Time Work

This study uses human capital and gender stratification theory to answer three research questions concerning the gendered patterns of precarious employment, the effects of human capital investments and family obligations on precarious employment, and the extent that these investments and obligations affect precarious employment differently for men and women. Lucrative jobs that offer benefits, union protection, with full-time work status were considered indicators of high quality and therefore non-precarious employment. Using data from U.S. respondents, findings suggest: a) a “gender” to precarious employment in that women are more likely to work in low quality job settings; b) gender discrepancies in benefits and union protection are explained by differences in men’s and women’s human capital, family investments, and other work-related situations; and, c) gender differences in wages and part-time work status result from workplace discrimination towards women. The implications of these findings are discussed along with recommendations for future research.

The differential effects of full-time and part-time work status on breastfeeding

Health Policy ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 97 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bidisha Mandal ◽  
Brian Eric Roe ◽  
Sara Beck Fein
Keyword(s):  
Work Status ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Differential Effects ◽  
Time Work ◽  
Part Time ◽  
Part Time Work

TAX FOR THE SELF-EMPLOYED: PROS AND CONS

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.S. Hasanova ◽  
R.R. Hatueva ◽  
A.L. Arsaev
Keyword(s):  
Income Tax ◽  
The State ◽  
The Self ◽  
State Budget ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
Time Work ◽  
Part Time ◽  
Pros And Cons ◽  
Crisis Conditions ◽  
Part Time Work

This article discusses the pros and cons of applying professional income tax. Professional income tax is not mandatory, but an alternative way to pay 2 taxes on self-employment or part-time work. The introduction of this tax can mediate an increase in revenues to the state budget, which is of particular importance for the country in post-crisis conditions.

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