AbstractUsually X-ray spectrometric analyse? of samples in their original forms—solid, powder, small fabricated parts, liquid, etc.—are more rapid and convenient than analyses by any other method. Thus, the analyst is well advised to strive to analyze samples in their original form whenever practical. However, it is often necessary to reduce nonliquid samples to some other form, for example, when standards are unavailable in the original form, when the same substance is received for analysis in a variety of forms, when homogeneity or matrix effects are severe, or when an internal standard must be added. In such cases, samples and standards are often reduced to a powder, a fusion product, or a solution. If the decision is made to put the sample into solution, the many well-known advantages of solution techniques are realised, including: (1) homogeneity; (2) easy preparation of standards and blanks; (3) easy concentration, dilution, separation, and other treatment; (4) reduced matrix effects and wide choice of ways to deal with matrix effects; (5) wide choice of ways to present the specimen to the spectrometer; and (6) applicability of internal-standard, standard-addition or -dilution, indirect, absorption, and scatter methods. This paper reviews work reported since 1960 in which the specimen is presented to the spectrometer in liquid form. The review is not particularly critical and stresses experimental techniques and treatment of data rather than specific materials and results. The work is discussed in the following categories: (1) sensitivity ; (2) liquid-specimen cells; (3) interaction of primary beam and liquid specimens; (4) matrix effects; (5) indirect (association) analysis; (6) X-ray scatter methods; and (7) X-ray absorption-edge spectrometry.
Recent advances in X-ray detection with micro-hole and strip plate detector