Urological conditions have become increasingly common and early diagnosis is key to achieving better outcomes. This article discusses the importance of having a comprehensive understanding of urological disorders, having the skills to interpret relevant information, and recognising the relationships among given elements to make an appropriate clinical diagnosis.
The results of previous studies have shown that the content of zinc ions in the semen significantly correlated with the number of sperm and influenced the volume of ejaculate. After ejaculation, the zinc contained in the seminal plasma binds to the plasma membrane and stabilizes the sperm DNA. Due to its cyto- and immunoprotective properties: induction of zinc-dependent superoxide dismutase, protection of DNA and transcriptional proteins from free radical oxidation, inhibition of proteinases, zinc is an indispensable trace element in the processes of DNA synthesis and repair, embryogenesis and reproduction.
Caudal duplication syndrome is a rare and interesting entity with a reported prevalence of <1/100,000 births. Caudal duplication syndrome encompasses a diverse spectrum of anomalies primarily involving partial or complete duplication of organs comprising the gastrointestinal, genitourinary and distal neural tube systems. The term ‘caudal duplication syndrome’ was coined by Dominguez et al. in 1993, in a case series of six patients presenting with findings pertaining to duplication anomalies of genitourinary system, hindgut, lumbosacral spine and cord. We here report a unique case of caudal duplication presenting in late adolescence and briefly review the available literature on this rare abnormality.
Factors of hospitalization expenditure of the genitourinary system diseases in the aged based on “System of Health Account 2011” and neural network model
