The Dutch Model of Cannabis Decriminalization and Tolerated Retail

AbstractThe legitimacy crisis confronting the international investment regime has called for reforms to eliminate the asymmetric and troubled nature of investment treaties. These instruments grant extensive investor protections without offering reciprocal safeguards for host States wishing to preserve regulatory space. This article argues that any reform designed to redress imbalances in the existing regime should first aim at narrowing the personal jurisdiction of investment tribunals. Problematically, access to most investment treaties depends on broad nationality requirements, which have enabled investors to use corporations or passports of convenience to obtain treaty protection. This practice exacerbates the unbalanced relationship between host States and investors. It increases host States’ exposure to investment treaty claims and allows investors to circumvent newer, more State-oriented investment treaties. Using as an example the novel anti-nationality planning approach embraced in the 2019 Dutch Model BIT, this article suggests effective treaty mechanisms that States can adopt to restrict the range of investors that are entitled to claim.

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Dutch disease or Dutch model? An Evaluation of the Pre-1998 System of Democratic University Government in the Netherlands

Review of Policy Research ◽

10.1111/j.1541-1338.1998.tb01090.x ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 15 (4) ◽

pp. 37-50 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Harry Boer ◽

Bas Denters ◽

Leo Goedegebuure

Keyword(s):

The Netherlands ◽

Dutch Disease ◽

Dutch Model

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The Republic Was an Empire

How the Old World Ended ◽

10.12987/yale/9780300243598.003.0009 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 139-155

Author(s):

Jonathan Scott

Keyword(s):

The Netherlands ◽

The State ◽

Political Union ◽

The Past ◽

Imperial Ideology ◽

Military Revolution ◽

The Republic ◽

The Moment ◽

Dutch Model

This chapter deals with the circumstances leading to the first of three Anglo-Dutch wars. Beginning with a proposal for political union, the chapter addresses the growing animosity between the English and the Dutch through two major themes. In the first place, from the moment of its foundation the English republic was, and behaved like, an empire. Second, it was the product, as in the Netherlands, of a rebellion and fiscal/military revolution which built the state. More than its Dutch model, the English republic entailed a sharp, indeed spectacular, break with the past, accompanied by a revolutionary as well as an imperial ideology.

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