The Republic Was an Empire

2020 ◽  
pp. 139-155
Author(s):  
Jonathan Scott
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
The State ◽  
Political Union ◽  
The Past ◽  
Imperial Ideology ◽  
Military Revolution ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Dutch Model

This chapter deals with the circumstances leading to the first of three Anglo-Dutch wars. Beginning with a proposal for political union, the chapter addresses the growing animosity between the English and the Dutch through two major themes. In the first place, from the moment of its foundation the English republic was, and behaved like, an empire. Second, it was the product, as in the Netherlands, of a rebellion and fiscal/military revolution which built the state. More than its Dutch model, the English republic entailed a sharp, indeed spectacular, break with the past, accompanied by a revolutionary as well as an imperial ideology.

A short history of Polish formations protecting the governing bodies of the state

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (38) ◽  
pp. 75-84
Author(s):  
Aneta Drożdż
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
The State ◽  
Short History ◽  
Control Subsystem ◽  
State Security ◽  
The Past ◽  
Rules And Principles ◽  
History Of ◽  
Important People ◽  
The Moment

This paper presents a short history of Polish formations protecting the governing bodies of the state, starting from the moment Poland regained independence at the end of the twentieth century. The considerations are presented against the rules and principles of the functioning of the state security system, with particular emphasis on the control subsystem. This paper demonstrates the need to research attitudes to safety in the past, in order to develop and apply effective contemporary solutions. The considerations contained in it also concern the existing threats to the management of state organs. They may contribute to further discussions on the purpose and rules of operation of the formation which is supposed to protect the most important people in the state.

Art and Society in England and France in the Mid-Nineteenth Century: Two Paintings before the Public

1972 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
pp. 119-139
Author(s):  
Alan Bowness
Keyword(s):  
Primary Source ◽  
Source Material ◽  
The State ◽  
Work Of Art ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Past ◽  
Historical Fact ◽  
Art And Society ◽  
The Moment ◽  
State Of Art

The primary source material for the art historian is of course the work of art, and this in itself places him in a fortunate position because the permanent relevance of the work of art is, I take it, self-evident. For the art historian, the work of art is an historical fact, pre-selected for generally accepted aesthetic reasons. But the work of art has no absolute meaning: it does not exist in a vacuum. It has both what we might call a history and a geography—the history being that record of interpretation and evaluation which accrues to the work of art from the moment of its creation down to the present day; and the geography being the particular artistic and social context of its original creation. The history can at times be very misleading: it is obvious that each generation is going to interpret the past as it wishes, and no judgment can be objective. So it is the geography that is more important, and this is extremely difficult to define. But if we are to understand the work of art, we need to enquire into the circumstances of its creation: we must ask, what did this painting or sculpture or building signify when it first appeared? Only from such specific investigations can one proceed to general propositions about the state of art at any particular moment, and perhaps also about the state of society which produced the art.

Art and Science: or Bach as an Expositor of the Bible

1992 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 343-353
Author(s):  
W. R. Ward
Keyword(s):  
East Germany ◽  
The State ◽  
The Bible ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
National Tradition ◽  
Long Time ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Moment

For a long time before dramatic recent events it has been clear that the German Democratic Republic has been in die position, embarrassing to a Marxist system, of having nothing generally marketable left except (to use the jargon) ‘superstructure’. The Luther celebrations conveniendy bolstered the implicit claim of the GDR to embody Saxony’s long-delayed revenge upon Prussia; still more conveniendy, they paid handsomely. Even the Francke celebrations probably paid their way, ruinous though his Orphan House has been allowed to become. When I was in Halle, a hard-pressed government had removed the statue of Handel (originally paid for in part by English subscriptions) for head-to-foot embellishment in gold leaf, and a Handel Festival office in the town was manned throughout the year. Bach is still more crucial, both to the republic’s need to pay its way and to the competition with the Federal Republic for the possession of the national tradition. There is no counterpart in Britain to the strength of the Passion-music tradition in East Germany. The celebrations which reach their peak in Easter Week at St Thomas’s, Leipzig, are like a cross between Wembley and Wimbledon here, the difference being that the black market in tickets is organized by the State for its own benefit. If Bach research in East Germany, based either on musicology or the Church, has remained an industry of overwhelming amplitude and technical complexity, the State has had its own Bach-research collective located in Leipzig, dedicated among other things to establishing the relation between Bach and the Enlightenment, that first chapter in the Marxist history of human liberation. Now that a good proportion of the population of the GDR seems bent on liberation by leaving the republic or sinking it, the moment seems ripe to take note for non-specialist readers of some of what has been achieved there in recent years.

scholarly journals Consolidation of agricultural land, as a factor maintaining and improving soil cover of the Azerbaijan Republic

2020 ◽  
Vol 193 (2) ◽  
pp. 89-93
Author(s):  
T. N. Nizamzade
Keyword(s):  
Soil Fertility ◽  
Industrial Development ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Soil Cover ◽  
General Pattern ◽  
The State ◽  
Land Resources ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Moment ◽  
First Time

Abstract. The purpose of our research is to study the state of the soil cover of peasant farms, and to establish the cause of the decline in soil fertility, the land used by them in their farms. The preservation and improvement of the soil cover, therefore, and the basic vital resources in the conditions of intensification of agricultural production, industrial development, rapid growth of cities and transport is possible only with well-established control over the use of all types of soil and land resources. The object of the study was the soil cover on the territory of farms of the Republic, with certain natural conditions and a specific type of economic development. The data obtained as a result of research on the state of the soil cover reflect the General pattern of development of land degradation throughout the territory of farms, due to uncontrolled use of land resources. In the article, the sizes of land shares of farms of the Republic which in our opinion are one of the main reasons of decrease in soil fertility of lands of agricultural purpose are considered. At the moment, there is no current legislation in Azerbaijan that could regulate the consolidation of agricultural land and prevent further unjustified fragmentation of land plots. The author in the work proposes a method of land management on a voluntary basis to carry out land consolidation. The novelty of the work lies in the fact that for the first time on the territory of the Republic to solve the problems associated with the deterioration of soil cover on the lands of farms, it is proposed to consolidate the lands of small farms into larger landholdings. As consolidation of lands in these farms will create for their owners an opportunity to unite the efforts in carrying out Agro complex actions in fight against deterioration of soil fertility.

scholarly journals Whether the right of pursuit is constitutional property interest protectible against the state II part

2018 ◽  
pp. 89-105
Author(s):  
Nenad Tešić
Keyword(s):  
Organized Crime ◽  
The State ◽  
Good Faith ◽  
Property Interest ◽  
Freezing Procedure ◽  
Proceeds Of Crime ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Moment ◽  
The Right ◽  
Subjective Rights

The author, in this paper, is looking for Ariadne’s thread, which would help us to find the way through the legal labyrinth composed of justified reaction of the state in the war against organized crime, from one side and what is considered an appropriate protection of secured creditor’s subjective rights, from the other side. He points out that in resolving a dilemma, does the mortgagee have the right to enforce its debt against the Republic of Serbia (right of pursuit), in case if the extended confiscation of property (proceeds of crime) includes subject-matter of mortgage, the court should take into account does the mortgagee know or should know about criminal origins of encumbered assets. The court should evaluate a good faith of the mortgagee, bearing in mind all the circumstances of the case, especially: 1) The moment of a mortgage establishment, i.e. whether the registration of mortgage is prior in time to the initiation of a property freezing procedure; 2) Overall business and other relations between mortgagee and mortgagor, i.e. are these parties associated in any other way? 3) Objective changes in the economic position of mortgagee and mortgagor, i.e.is the security agreement true or simulated, in particular, whether the value of the secured claim actually enhanced the property of the mortgagor and at what consideration.

scholarly journals FEATURES OF THE FORMATION OF CIVIC IDENTITY IN THE POLYETHNIC REGION OF RUSSIA (on the example of the Republic of Bashkortostan)

2021 ◽  
pp. 101-107
Author(s):  
Ildar Gabdrafikov ◽  
◽  
Vsevolod Glukhovtsev ◽  
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Civic Identity ◽  
Civic Consciousness ◽  
Time Dynamics ◽  
The Past ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Republic Of Bashkortostan ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Modern Population

The subject of the article is a comparative analysis of the state and features of the manifestation of civic identity in a multiethnic region of Russia on the example of the Republic of Bashkortostan. The work is based on the data of three ethnosociological surveys conducted in recent years with the direct participation of the authors of the article. The object of the study is the modern population of the Republic of Bashkortostan. The purpose of the article is to consider the level and significance for the residents of the region of various forms of group identity in time dynamics (over the past 10 years). The article shows the state of civic consciousness of the population of the region based on specific materials of mass surveys using methods adopted in political and sociological sciences, and identifies factors influencing it.

Governance and accounting practices in hybrid organizations: Insights from a sixteenth-century charity in Venice

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 444-463 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Lusiani ◽  
Marco Vedovato ◽  
Chiara Pancot
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
The State ◽  
Hybrid Organizations ◽  
Balance Sheets ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Republic

This article explores governance and accounting practices in hybrid organizations. Currently, hybrid organizations represent an increasingly pervasive phenomenon, but their role has also been central in the past. To achieve this aim, we consider the case of a charity, the Scuola Grande di San Rocco, as its activity grew in scope and complexity during the sixteenth century in the Republic of Venice. The Scuole Grandi represents a form of hybrid organizations because these charities were privately managed, but publicly regulated. They shared a devotional orientation and performed de facto welfare functions in progressive integration with the State. Based on an analysis of balance sheets and administrative documents, this article aims to discuss the role of governance and accounting in enabling hybrid organizations to operate through multiple logics.

ANALYSIS OF THE MARKET FOR ANTIGLAUCO-MA DRUGS IN THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN

2021 ◽  
pp. 51-56
Author(s):  
А.Е. ЕСБОЛАТОВА ◽  
А.Р. ШОПАБАЕВА
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Health Care System ◽  
Pharmaceutical Products ◽  
The State ◽  
Pharmaceutical Market ◽  
Main Constituent ◽  
Marketing Analysis ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Care System

Ассортимент фармацевтической продукции представляет собой большую непрерывно обновляемую структуру, являющейся одной из основных составных фрагментов системы здравоохранения каждого государства. В свою очередь, маркетинговый анализ противоглаукомных препаратов показывает состояние фармацевтического рынка препаратов, применяемых для лечения глаукомы, на исследуемый момент, что позволяет оценить дальнейшие перспективы развития и расширения рынка. The range of pharmaceutical products is a large continuously updated structure, which is one of the main constituent parts of the health care system of each state. In turn, the marketing analysis of antiglaucoma drugs shows the state of the pharmaceutical market for drugs used for the treatment of glaucoma at the moment under study, which makes it possible to assess further prospects for the development and expansion of the market.

Dutch ‘Multiculturalism’ Beyond the Pillarisation Myth

2007 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 337-350 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maarten P. Vink
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
The State ◽  
Integration Policy ◽  
Van Gogh ◽  
The Past ◽  
Integration Policies ◽  
Historical Tradition ◽  
Paradigmatic Change

This article is about the state of multiculturalist politics in the Netherlands. It assesses the popular claim that a paradigmatic change has occurred in the Netherlands due to events such as 9/11 and the murders of Pim Fortuyn and Theo van Gogh. The article argues that although changes are significant, both in discourse and in practice, they must be viewed as part of a process of rethinking the relation between newcomers and the state that goes back as far as the end of the 1980s. Long-standing claims about the exemplary form of multiculturalism in the Netherlands were always ambiguous at least, or even hard to sustain. The article criticises the persistent idea that Dutch accommodating integration policies since the end of the 1970s are an extension of the historical tradition of ‘pillarisation’. Only by going beyond this myth can we understand why recent changes are much less of a break with the past, and why multiculturalism was never accepted or practised as fully as has often been suggested in more stereotypical depictions of Dutch integration policy.

scholarly journals The Desire for Enrichment as a Cause of Corruption of the Republic

2021 ◽  
pp. 143-155
Author(s):  
F. V. Arkhipov
Keyword(s):  
Well Being ◽  
The State ◽  
State Control ◽  
State Apparatus ◽  
Self Interest ◽  
Material Goods ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Historical Methods ◽  
Cambridge School

This study is devoted to the problem of material enrichment in the framework of Republican political theory. The aim of the work is to determine how the private desire for wealth correlates with the republican public virtues and affects the corruptio of the republic. The fact is that the desire for enrichment is the realization of a private self-interest. At the same time, the key republican virtue for the classical period — virtu — also assumes the presence of a private interest. In this regard, the author provides a theoretical justification for the permissibility of the desire for enrichment within the framework of republicanism.The research methods are comparative, historical methods, as well as the methodology of the Cambridge school. Within the framework of the analysis of the texts of the Republican tradition, the author comes to the following results.The corruptio of the republic takes place in cases where citizens are willing to compromise with the centralized political power of the state, giving up republican freedom for the sake of security and wealth. The most striking manifestation of this compromise is the transfer to the state of the function of distributing material goods in society. Wealth itself, in accordance with the classic Republican critique of statism, becomes dangerous when it replaces virtue, or becomes the price for which a person is willing to sell his freedom.At the same time, the most dangerous form of such a deal can be called a compromise, in which republican institutions continue to function formally, but political participation in society is replaced by police state control. Corruption of morals, therefore, occurs when people are willing to give up personal freedom for the sake of material well-being and convenience. However, at the same time, there is an amazing ideological substitution, according to which the political sphere begins to be called the state apparatus, which as such suppresses politics. This is the moment at which the corruptio of the republic takes place.As a result of the study, the author concludes that an effective compromise between a deviation from republican principles and private welfare is impossible. However, the desire to enrich itself can even be useful for the republic.

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